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Psychology Test 3 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Cues

A

Pieces of information in the present that help us remember events from the past, and are central to remembering

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2
Q

Asking participants to recall studied information without help

A

Free recall

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3
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

A natural consequence of the importance of cues is that how we encode information affects how we are able to retrieve it

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4
Q

Episodic memories

A

Autobiographical memories that are based on life events

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5
Q

Three memory processes

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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6
Q

3 Stages: Atkinson Schiffrin Model

A

Sensory Memory to Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory

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7
Q

Sensory Memory (how long)

A

.5-2 seconds

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8
Q

Short term memory (how long)

A

12-18 seconds

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9
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Stores an exact copy of incoming info for a few seconds

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10
Q

Types of sensory Memory

A

Iconic - visual sensory images (1/2 second)

Echoic - auditory activity (2 seconds)

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11
Q

Iconic memory

A

Type of sensory Memory
Visual sensory images
1/2 second

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12
Q

Echoic memory

A

Type of sensory Memory
Auditory activity
2 seconds

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13
Q

Short term memory (STM)

A 
Stores small amounts of information (12 seconds)
-selective attention
-encoded phonetically
Working memory
-like a mental "scratchpad"
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14
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing on a selected proportion of sensory input

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15
Q

Phonetically encoded

A

Storing info by sound (Tim)

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16
Q

Working memory

A

Like a mental scratchpad

Read a book, do math, put together a puzzle

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17
Q

Long term memory

A

Stores information relatively permanently
Stored on basis of meaning and importance
Can store nearly limitless amounts of information
Memories are encoded on the basis of meaning

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18
Q

How is a STM stored

A

Maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative processing
Without rehearsal, information is lost from STM in 12-18 seconds

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19
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating information to prolong its presence in STM (phone number)
Sensitive to interruption

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20
Q

Elaborative processing

A

Links new information with existing memories and knowledge in LTM

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21
Q

STM Capactity

A

Digit span: 7 (+-2)
Information bits: meaningful units of information
Chunking

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22
Q

Redintegration

A

Memory reconstructed by starting with one memory
Following chains of association to related memories
-showing a picture of HS graduation
-Serves a a trigger/cue

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23
Q

2 types of long term memories

A

Procedural memory

Declarative memory

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24
Q

Procedural memory

A

Type of LTM

learned actions like driving, typing, swinging a cold club (lower brain areas)

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25
Q

Declarative memories (and 2 types)

A

Factual information like names, faces, dates, and ideas

  • semantic memory
  • episodic memory
26
Q

Semantic memory

A

Mental dictionary of basic knowledge
Type of declarative memory
Ex. The meaning of letters, the concept of a cat, the sounds that letters make, the idea of a car, how letters put together can make a word, knowledge that Annapolis is the capital of Maryland

27
Q

Episodic memory

A

Autobiographical record of personal experiences

  • events: what, where, who, when
  • where you were and with who when you found out you got into GT, your skiing vacation last winter, the first time you traveled by airplane, your roommate from your first year of college, the details about how you learned of a relatives death
28
Q

Memories that are available but not quite retrievable

A

Partial memories

29
Q

Examples of partial memories

A

Tip of the tongue
Feeling of knowing
Deja vu (memory trace)

30
Q

3 ways to measure memory

A

Recall, recognition, relearning

31
Q

Recall

A

Direct retrieval of factors or info
Long term memory to working memory
Typical remember beginning and end

32
Q

Recognition

A

To correctly identify preciously leaned material
Multiple choice tests/pictures
“Forget names, but not faces”

33
Q

Is recall of recognition easier

A

Recognition > recall

Superior, easier

34
Q

Distractors

A

False items included with a correct item

35
Q

False positive

A

False sense of recognition

36
Q

Relearning

A

Learned again something that was not previously learned

Savings score

37
Q

Savings score

A

Amount of time saved when relearning information

1hr -> 45 mins (25% savings score)

38
Q

Explicit memory and example

A

Past experiences that are consciously brought to mind (last 3 presidents)

39
Q

Implicit memory

A

Lie outside your awareness

-typing

40
Q

Priming

A

Cues to activate hidden memories

41
Q

Implicit or explicit:
When a skilled typist is typing on a keyboard, she does not need to look at each key. Instead, she is able to type without recalling the placement of each key

A

Implicit

42
Q

Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting axes

A

Retention (savings score percentage) vs. elapsed time since learning

43
Q

Encoding failure

A

When a memory was never formed in the first place

44
Q

Memory traces

A

Changes in nerve cells or brain activity

45
Q

Memory decay

A

The weakening of memory traces
New info pours in, replaces old info
Leaky buckets

46
Q

Infrequent retrieval (only offers a partial explanation of long term forgetting)

A

Disuse

47
Q

Cue dependent forgetting

A

Retrieval cues

“What were you doing on Monday afternoon, on the third week of May, two years ago?

48
Q

State dependent learning

A

When memory retrieval is influenced by body state

Ex. Happy vs sad mood while studying and taking a test

49
Q

Interference (two types)

A

Retroactive and proactive

50
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New memories interfering with old

51
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old memories interfering with new

52
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Forget everything from before, only remember information from now

53
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Remember everything from before, cannot make new memories

54
Q

Consolidation

A

Relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain

55
Q

Brain structure associated with information passing from short term memory into long term memory
If damaged, anterograde amnesia (no longer create new long term memories)
Memories prior to damage will remain intact

A

Hippocampus

56
Q

Memories created during times of personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events

A

Flashbulb memories

57
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Memories created during times of personal tragedy, accident, or other emotionally significant events
Both positive and negative effects
Great confidence in them even though they may be inaccurate
-emotion (limbic system) driven

58
Q

What stores declarative memories and where?

A

Cortex
Episodic in the front
Semantic in the back

59
Q

What stores procedural memories

A

Cerebellum

60
Q

Superior memory

A

Exceptional memory
Eidetic imagery
Mental imagery

61
Q

Eidetic imagery

A

Someone like a photographic memory (pages or numbers)

62
Q

Mental imagery

A

Mental pictures of objects or events

Psychology Test 3 (4 decks)

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