Memory Flashcards
memory
- what is it
- why do we study it
an experience-dependent internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
why
-numerous conditions may detrimentally affect our patients’ memory formation or permanence
what clinical intervention applications can we apply
therapeutic intervention design and dose loading to maximize memory formation
nervous system priming through PT interventions
what are the dimensions of memory and learning
type and spatial location of the information stored
-Multiple Memory Systems
time course of storage
-Multi-store Model
types of memory in the multiple memory systems model
declarative memory
nondeclarative
declarative memory
- aka
- types
explicit memory
types
-semantic memory
-episodic memory
what is semantic memory
memory of facts about the world
information stored may include rules of a game
what is episodic memory (i.e. autobiographical)
capacity to re-experience an event in the context in which it originally occurred
requires additional brain areas to those for semantic memory
declarative memory
-mediated by…
mediated by medial temporal region and midline diencephalon of brain
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- hippocampal gyrus
procedural memory
- aka
- characteristics (3)
implicit memory
encompasses habits and motor behaviors
recalled without conscious effort
assessed through testing of motor skill performance (skill memory)
are all memories stored in the same area of the brain?
no
declarative is in one area
nondeclarative is spread over several areas
3 parts of the multi-store model
sensory register
short-term (working) memory
long-term storage
sensory register
- aka
- capacity
- duration
- how is it discarded
aka somatosensory memory
-visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile
large (almost limitless) capacity
very short duration
-long enough to develop perception of stimuli
sensory register is discarded without selective attention
-brain filters our unnecessary inputs, moves attended information to working (short-term) memory
what is required to move from sensory register to working memory
selective attention
working (short-term) memory
- function
- capacity
- duration
- when it it lost
- what is chunking
plays active role in processing of conscious thoughts
small, limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items)
brief duration (20-30 seconds)
-lost without rehearsal
chunking
-grouping items to make larger collections in memory
-identifying relationships between items
long-term memory
- capacity
- what types of information are stored
- forgetting possible due to…
relatively limitless capacity for rehearsed items, once transferred from short term memory
stores declarative and non-declarative
forgetting possible due to different types of interference or retrieval failure
what are the stages of memory formation
encoding
consolidation
re-activation
re-consolidation
encoding
- description
- working memory
memory trace formed
working memory
-transform representation from working memory to long-term storage
consolidation
- what is it
- what are 2 parts of it and what are they?
processes of stabilizing a memory trace into relatively permanent form
stabilization
-maintenance of a motor skill performance offline without practice; not dependent on sleep
enhancement
-improvement in performance of a skill off-line; sleep dependent
re-activation
recall of memory through practice
re-consolidation
adaptation of existing neural circuitry in response to new information
encoding - working memory
- what is it?
- highly influenced by…
initial process: formation of the memory trace during active practice of task
-short term maintenance of information in the absence of sensory input
highly influenced by selective attention
molecular processes of encoding
- time
- mechanisms
minutes to hours mechanisms -modification of pre-existing proteins --modification of ionic channels --mobilization of neurotransmitter receptors
working memory - selective attention
- what happens
- feedback used to _____
- manipulation of _____ will influence cognitive processing
learner processes relevant information about task
makes associations between goal, movement, and movement outcome
feedback used to modulate further responses
manipulation of practice environment will influence cognitive processing
what is consolidation (technical definition)
a set of time-dependent, post-encoding processes where motor memory becomes more stable over time
what are the type of consolidation
synaptic consolidation
systems consolidation
synaptic consolidation
transformation of information into a long-term due to changes in synaptic strength
growth in synaptic spine heads, area of axon/dendrite interface, dendritic spine density
systems consolidation
time-dependent reorganization of declarative LTM
re-distribution over multiple brain centers
recurrent waves of re-consolidation of new or reprocessed information
molecular mechanisms that give rise to structural changes at synapses
gene transcription
protein synthesis
long-term potentiation (LTP)
what is long term potentiation
the more you fire a neuron, the more likely it is to fire again
consolidation interference
- what
- examples
motor memory consolidation is susceptible to “interference” by external influences
i.e. brain activity during motor memory consolidation influences skill retention and transfer
examples
-transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
-repetitive magnetic pulses to M1
