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S2 Movement Science > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

memory

  • what is it
  • why do we study it
A

an experience-dependent internal record or representation of some prior event or experience
why
-numerous conditions may detrimentally affect our patients’ memory formation or permanence

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2
Q

what clinical intervention applications can we apply

A

therapeutic intervention design and dose loading to maximize memory formation
nervous system priming through PT interventions

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3
Q

what are the dimensions of memory and learning

A

type and spatial location of the information stored
-Multiple Memory Systems
time course of storage
-Multi-store Model

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4
Q

types of memory in the multiple memory systems model

A

declarative memory

nondeclarative

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5
Q

declarative memory

  • aka
  • types
A

explicit memory
types
-semantic memory
-episodic memory

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6
Q

what is semantic memory

A

memory of facts about the world

information stored may include rules of a game

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7
Q

what is episodic memory (i.e. autobiographical)

A

capacity to re-experience an event in the context in which it originally occurred
requires additional brain areas to those for semantic memory

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8
Q

declarative memory

-mediated by…

A

mediated by medial temporal region and midline diencephalon of brain

  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • hippocampal gyrus
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9
Q

procedural memory

  • aka
  • characteristics (3)
A

implicit memory
encompasses habits and motor behaviors
recalled without conscious effort
assessed through testing of motor skill performance (skill memory)

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10
Q

are all memories stored in the same area of the brain?

A

no
declarative is in one area
nondeclarative is spread over several areas

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11
Q

3 parts of the multi-store model

A

sensory register
short-term (working) memory
long-term storage

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12
Q

sensory register

  • aka
  • capacity
  • duration
  • how is it discarded
A

aka somatosensory memory
-visual, auditory, proprioceptive, tactile
large (almost limitless) capacity
very short duration
-long enough to develop perception of stimuli
sensory register is discarded without selective attention
-brain filters our unnecessary inputs, moves attended information to working (short-term) memory

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13
Q

what is required to move from sensory register to working memory

A

selective attention

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14
Q

working (short-term) memory

  • function
  • capacity
  • duration
  • when it it lost
  • what is chunking
A

plays active role in processing of conscious thoughts
small, limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items)
brief duration (20-30 seconds)
-lost without rehearsal
chunking
-grouping items to make larger collections in memory
-identifying relationships between items

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15
Q

long-term memory

  • capacity
  • what types of information are stored
  • forgetting possible due to…
A

relatively limitless capacity for rehearsed items, once transferred from short term memory
stores declarative and non-declarative
forgetting possible due to different types of interference or retrieval failure

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16
Q

what are the stages of memory formation

A

encoding
consolidation
re-activation
re-consolidation

17
Q

encoding

  • description
  • working memory
A

memory trace formed
working memory
-transform representation from working memory to long-term storage

18
Q

consolidation

  • what is it
  • what are 2 parts of it and what are they?
A

processes of stabilizing a memory trace into relatively permanent form
stabilization
-maintenance of a motor skill performance offline without practice; not dependent on sleep
enhancement
-improvement in performance of a skill off-line; sleep dependent

19
Q

re-activation

A

recall of memory through practice

20
Q

re-consolidation

A

adaptation of existing neural circuitry in response to new information

21
Q

encoding - working memory

  • what is it?
  • highly influenced by…
A

initial process: formation of the memory trace during active practice of task
-short term maintenance of information in the absence of sensory input
highly influenced by selective attention

22
Q

molecular processes of encoding

  • time
  • mechanisms
A 
minutes to hours
mechanisms
-modification of pre-existing proteins
--modification of ionic channels
--mobilization of neurotransmitter receptors
23
Q

working memory - selective attention

  • what happens
  • feedback used to _____
  • manipulation of _____ will influence cognitive processing
A

learner processes relevant information about task
makes associations between goal, movement, and movement outcome
feedback used to modulate further responses
manipulation of practice environment will influence cognitive processing

24
Q

what is consolidation (technical definition)

A

a set of time-dependent, post-encoding processes where motor memory becomes more stable over time

25
Q

what are the type of consolidation

A

synaptic consolidation

systems consolidation

26
Q

synaptic consolidation

A

transformation of information into a long-term due to changes in synaptic strength
growth in synaptic spine heads, area of axon/dendrite interface, dendritic spine density

27
Q

systems consolidation

A

time-dependent reorganization of declarative LTM
re-distribution over multiple brain centers
recurrent waves of re-consolidation of new or reprocessed information

28
Q

molecular mechanisms that give rise to structural changes at synapses

A

gene transcription
protein synthesis
long-term potentiation (LTP)

29
Q

what is long term potentiation

A

the more you fire a neuron, the more likely it is to fire again

30
Q

consolidation interference

  • what
  • examples
A

motor memory consolidation is susceptible to “interference” by external influences
i.e. brain activity during motor memory consolidation influences skill retention and transfer
examples
-transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
-repetitive magnetic pulses to M1

S2 Movement Science (13 decks)

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