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S2 Movement Science > Behavioral Theories of Motor Control > Flashcards

Behavioral Theories of Motor Control Flashcards

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1
Q

general theories of motor control theories

A 
reflex theories
hierarchical theories
-motor program theory
dynamical/ecological theories
-dynamical systems theory
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2
Q

reflex theory

  • based on work of…
  • basic assumptions
A

based on work of Sir Charles Sherrington
basic assumptions
-reflexes are fundamental building blocks of all movement
-events in environment served as stimulus for action

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3
Q

reflex theory

  • complex behaviors result from…
  • -individual is a…
  • sensory –> motor –> sensory
  • -example
A

complex behaviors result from chaining of reflexes
-individual is a passive recipient of externally-produced sensory input that excites motor systems
sensory –> motor –> sensory (feedback)
-mondey unilateral UE deafferentation (DRG cut) - lost movement

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4
Q

reflex theory

-_____ loop in nature

A

closed

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5
Q

reflex theory

-limitations

A

can’t explain
-spontaneous or voluntary movements
-fast sequential movements (typing)
-reflexes can be modulated
–single stimulus can trigger various responses
-novel movements can be carried out
Taub - deafferented monkeys
-bilateral deafferentation: mondeys able to move arms
-unilateral deafferentation: mondeys relearned movement while “good” arm constrained

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6
Q

hierarchical theory

  • in response to…
  • assumes
A

in response to reflex theory limitations
assumes that all aspects of movement planning and execution are responsibility of one or more cortical centers representing highest command level within CNS

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7
Q

hierarchical theory

-motor control

A

higher centers always in control of lower centers
higher centers inhibit reflexes controlled by lower brain centers
reflexes control by lower centers dominate movement only when higher centers are damaged

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8
Q

influence of Hierarchical Theory on treatment paradigms

A

“when the influence of higher centers is temporarily or permanently interfered with, normal reflexes become exaggerated and so called pathological reflexes appear”

“the release of motor responses integrated at lower levels from restraining, influences of higher center, especially that of the cortex, leads to abnormal postural reflex activity”

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9
Q

Hierarchical Theory: brainstem and spinal cord

  • postural reflex development
  • motor development
A

postural
-primitive reflex
motor
-apedal function

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10
Q

Hierarchical Theory: midbrain

  • postural reflex development
  • motor development
A

postural
-righting reactions
motor
-quadrupedal function

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11
Q

Hierarchical Theory: cortex

  • postural reflex development
  • motor development
A

postural
-equilibrium reactions
motor
-bipedal function

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12
Q

current opinions on hierarchical models

A

each level of motor system can act on other levels

reflexes are only one of many motor control processes

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13
Q

hierarchical theory

-limitations

A

can’t explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain adult situations
-e.g. flexor withdrawal
environment and other non-CNS factors can affect infant movement
-infant stepping reflex

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14
Q

motor program theory (Hierarchical)

  • general principle
  • key features
A 
principle
-detailed instructions are specified by the CNS to carry out the entire movement
key features
-existence of generalized motor programs
-existence of motor memory schemas
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15
Q

motor program theory

  • generalized motor program…
  • -best applied to…
A

generalized motor program organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions
-best applied to brief movements

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16
Q

motor program theory

  • originally proposed that…
  • Schmidt (1975) proposed
  • -introdu ed concept of…
A

originally proposed that there is a separate command for every movement
Schmidt (1975) proposed that every movement does not require a separate motor program
-command from executive more general
introduced concept of a generalized motor program
-generalized motor program organizes, initiates, and carries out intended actions

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17
Q

motor program: generalized motor programs

  • represents a…
  • some elements of the GMP are…
  • -called…
  • some elements of the GMP are…
  • -called…
A

represents a pattern of movement (or class of actions) that can be modified to yield various response outcomes
some elements of the GMP are fixed from trial to trial
-invariants
some elements of the GMP are flexible
-parameters

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18
Q

handwriting experiment (signature in different sizes)

  • what elements were fixed
  • what elements were flexible
A 
fixes
-style
-pattern
-size
flexible
-muscles used
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19
Q

motor program theory: invariant features of GMP

  • fixed features are…
  • examples
A

fixed features are similar to fingerprints (can identify particular motor program)
–unique set of characteristics that defines a specific GMP that make motor pattern appear the same, time after time
examples
-sequence of actions
-relative timing
-relative force used

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20
Q

motor program theory: parameters of GMP

  • when are parameter values assigned
  • can modify to…
A

parameter values are assigned by a performed to a GMP before performance of a skill
can modify to meet the specific movement demands of the situation
-ability to choose good parameters is partially what determines movement success or skill
-adaptability

21
Q

motor program theory question
-a shortstop varies the parameters to throw to different bases… but how does he know how much force to use for each throw?

A

practice

22
Q

motor program theory: motor schema

  • what is it
  • -contains
  • -develops as result…
A

2nd element of Schmidt’s GMP Theory
abstract respresentation of a rule (or rules) governing movement
-contains the generalized rules that generate the spatial and temporal (timing) patterns to produce a movement
-develops as result of movement experience

23
Q

motor program theory

  • schema contains…
  • in contrast to closed-loop theories, a GMP
A

Schema contains the generalized rules that generate the spatial and temporal (timing) patterns to produce a movement
in contrast to closed-loop theories, a GMP containing general rules can be applied to different environments or situations via open-loop processes

24
Q

motor program theory

-on each movement attempt, you subconsciously abstract four pieces of information

A 
initial conditions
-proprioceptive information of the limbs and body
response specifications
-parameters assigned to GMP
sensory consequences
-information about how the movement felt, looked and sounded (KP)
outcome of that movement
-KR (which is compared with KP)
25
Q

motor program theory

  • with the four sources of information stored in memory following a movement attempt, the brain begins to develop…
  • with each movement attempt, what happens
A

brain begins to develop a schema
with each movement attempt, the schema becomes strogner
-with practice you develop a motor response schema

26
Q

motor program theory

-types of motor response schemas

A

recall schema

recognition schema

27
Q

motor program theory: recall schema

-what is it’s purpose

A

organizes an appropriate motor program capable of initiating and controlling the desired movement
provides parameter values to the GMP after observing your intentions and the situation

28
Q

motor program theory: recognition schema

  • purpose
  • -i.e.
  • effect of an error signal
A

evaluates the last executed movement based on initial conditions, actual past outcomes, and post sensory information
-i.e. allows you to know when you’ve made an error, just by feel
error signal updates recall schema

29
Q

what is the DF problem

A

how does the body go around having an organized, yet efficient, method of controlling movement?

30
Q

motor program theory

  • motor learning consists…
  • role of the learner in this process
  • desired movement is organized…
A

motor learning consists of continuous processes that update the recall and recognition schemas with each movement that is made
learner decides what movement to execute in a given situation by subconsciously retrieving the GMP from memory, based on the existing schema and parameters
the desired movement is organized in advance by the GMP and sent to the body to execute it

31
Q

motor program theory: when can you use strategies for the following…
-open-loop control vs. closed-loop control

A

open-loop
-if the GMP contains all the information needed to carry out the action
closed-loop control
-if it’s necessary to continually evaluate the accuracy of the action

32
Q

motor program theory

-apart from open- vs. closed-loop control, control may also vary according to…

A

skill level of the performer

-as proficiency increases, control transitions on a continuum from closed toward more open loop

33
Q

motor program theory: GMP open-loop theory of motor control

  • combines…
  • for a given class of movements, what do we do…
  • -task of the instructor
A

combines
-idea of a generalized motor program (GMP)
-basic idea of a schema (abstract generalization of rules governing movement)
for a given class of movements, we extract info from each movement experience (repetition)
-develop schemas that enable movement in different situations and circumstances - schema revises with experience
-the stronger the schema, the more skilled the performance
-task of instructor is to devise activity to strengthen schema

34
Q

dynamical systems theory

  • movement theory of…
  • -argues that…
A

movement theory of dynamic interaction between person, task, and environment
argues motor program-based theories insufficient to account for control of complex movements

35
Q

dynamical systems theory: Bernstein

  • control is…
  • emphasizes…
  • movement patterns emerge as a…
A

control is distributed/shared between the CNS, PNS, and environment rather than a hierarchical top-down (brain to periphery) control
emphasizes the situation-dependent (environmental) mechanics of movement
movement patterns emerge (self-organize) as a function of the constrains placed on it

36
Q

dynamical systems theory

  • what is a constraint
  • -types
A 
boundaries that limit movement capabilities
individual (organismic)
-body shape, weight, height
-personality, emotional, motivation
-cognitive/perceptual, decision-making skills
environmental
-gravity, temperature, light, wind
task
37
Q

dynamical systems theory

-what are task constraints

A

goal of task
rules of a game
size/shape/weight of objects or machines used

38
Q

dynamical systems theory

-basic concepts

A

self organization
attractor states
phase shifts

39
Q

dynamical systems theory: self-organization

  • function of movement…
  • skilled actions results when…
A

movement self-organizes the available degrees of freedom into a single functional unit
-new patterns may spontaneously emerge as a result of changing physics of the constraints placed on the learner
skilled action results when CNS constrains functionally specific collections of muscles and joints i.e. synergies and coordinative structures
-may be developed through practice or exist naturally

40
Q

dynamical systems theory: coordinative structures/synergies

  • constraints cause…
  • combines…
  • -what are muscle synergies
A

constraints cause grouping of muscles and limbs to work cooperatively as a functional unit (coordinative structure)
-reduces degrees of freedom problem
combines inherent biomechanical and neural structures with learned behaviors
-coordinative structures (or muscle synergies) develop with practice

41
Q

dynamical systems theory: coordinative structures/synergies

-example of coordinative structure

A

coupling between opposite limbs during bilateral movements
arm/hand movements are predisposed to move with same relative timing either in same direction (in-phase) or exactly opposite (anti-phase)
limbs are coupled based on sensory input from contralateral limb
-try walking while swinging one arm faster than the other

42
Q

dynamical systems theory: attractor states

  • key concept
  • what affects how the system organizes
A

key concept
-movement systems prefer states of mechanical stability
–this does NOT mean invariance
person, task, and environment all affect how the system organizes
-can tolerate a fair amount of variability as constraints change
-if constraints change enough, the system can become unstable

43
Q

dynamical systems theory

-control vs. order parameters

A

control
-the variables that, when increased or decreased, will cause change throughout the entire system
–e.g. metronome speed
order
-parts of the system that define or describe the movement
-ex.: run vs. walk - double vs. single foot contact, vertical translation of center of mass

44
Q

dynamical systems theory: phase shifts

  • when does it occur
  • changes can be…
A

when disruption is great enough (e.g. speed of treadmill increases) the system may self-destruct or be forced to transition to a new stable attractor state
changes can be nonlinear and abrupt or may slowly evolve over time

45
Q

how do we use dynamic systems theory from a training/rehab prespective

A

may be necessary to purposefully cause destabilization to promote new and better system functioning
goal: identify and manipulate control parameters (tempo, or speed, and force) to encourage a phase shift from a stable, but ineffective, movement pattern to a more efficient movement pattern

46
Q

dynamic systems theory

-clinical research examples

A

stepping in time to fast metronome resulted in improved coordination between arms/legs in patients post-stroke, and increased cadence in Parkinson’s disease

47
Q

use of dynamic systems theory

-destabilizing may not always…

A

have positive consequences

  • injury - can cause detrimental compensations
  • destabilizing one variable may not lead to the change you want
  • -e.g. improving strength may not affect sport performance
  • fatigue
  • -may be positive (stimulate tissue adaptations) or negative (erode coordination
48
Q

dynamical systems theory

-limitaitons

A

presumption that CNS has nonspecific role in movement control
-person (and nervous system), task, and environment have equal roles
evidence supporting dynamical systems is only from continuous movements

S2 Movement Science (13 decks)

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