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S2 Movement Science > Information Processing in Motor Learning and Control > Flashcards

Information Processing in Motor Learning and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

OPTIMAL theory of motor learning

  • what does it stand for?
  • what are the implications?
A

Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning

  • human (motor) behavior is embedded in a cultural context
  • cognitions or mindsets can slow or speed motor learning
  • intrinsic motivation
  • choking vs. flow states
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2
Q

OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning

-what type of factors affect performance and learning

A

factors that
-underlie intrinsic motivation
OR
-which satisfy fundamental psychological needs

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3
Q

OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning

-we want our variables to… (this slide doesn’t make sense to me)

A

enhance expectancies for future performance success
promote learner autonomy
promote external focus of attention

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4
Q

what factors affect enhanced expectancies

A

perceived task difficulty
-if told you should do well, you do better
definitions of success
-if “success” is too hard to achieve, they may do worse than someone with a more lenient definition
social-comparative feedback
-feedback better than nothing
-being told you are better than average better than being told you are worse than average

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5
Q

enhanced expectancies

  • what is its function
  • why does it work?
A

serve a task-readying function - boost performance
expectations of positive outcome or experience (“reward”) trigger dopaminergic response
-facilitates short-term performance and long-term consolidation
-temporal pairing with task practice is key

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6
Q

enhanced expectancies

-effect of success with challenge on dopamine levels

A

occasional risks to expected success may temporarily dampen dopamine levels, but amplify impact of subsequent success

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7
Q

providing autonomy

  • what does it do
  • how does it work
A

enhances self-efficacy expectation; promotes task focus

  • reduces concern about abilities and self-regulatory activities
  • frees up attentional resources for performance
  • reduces stress
  • -cortisol down-regulated dopamine/motivation
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8
Q

what are examples of providing autonomy

A

self-controlled use of assistive device
incidental choices
-allow patient to choose order of exercises

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9
Q

effect of combining enhances expectancies, autonomy support, and external focus

A

combining all three leads to best results (practice and retention)

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10
Q

OPTIMAL tips

  • enhanced expectancies
  • autonomy
  • external focus of attention
A

expectancies
-intrinsic rewards (improved performace, feeling in control, social inclusion) > extrinsic reward
-quantitative metrics assist in goal setting
autonomy
-small incidental choices often more effective than major, task-central ones
-language matters
external focus of attention
-it’s all about the object or environment

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11
Q

information processing model

-what is the metaphor

A
  • sensory systems take in information from an external source
  • perceptual process lead to creation of some form of symbolic representation of environmental and task information
  • information is compared with existing memory stores and processed for meaning
  • speed of processing determines when output occurs
  • information output can result in various kinds and qualities of movement
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12
Q

movement planning steps

A 
stimulus identification (perception)
response selection (decision making)
response execution
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13
Q

stimulus identification

-what happens

A

receptors transform stimuli into coding impulses

  • frequency (or rate) coding
  • temporal coding
  • population
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14
Q

stimulus identification: perception

  • what is it
  • what are its functions
A

meaning is assigned to stimuli

  • pattern recognition
  • stimulus features
  • predictive capabilities
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15
Q

response selection

-what do you do?

A

compare choices from existing motor memory stores

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16
Q

response execution

  • CNS may organize which details
  • what is the output
A 
CNS organizes
-muscles to perform the task
-temporal onset of muscle action (relative timing)
-muscle contraction force/duration
output is organized movement response
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17
Q

movement preparation takes _____ time

-what do we call this

A

takes finite time

-reaction time

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18
Q

reaction time

-what is it?

A

most common measure of cognitive performance/information processing with movement

  • time period between onset of a signal and initiation of required movement
  • signal may be an environmental cue that necessitates movement
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19
Q

why use reaction time?

A

can be used to infer multiple characteristics of movement

  • mental processing
  • situation recognition - recognition of environmental hazards, interaction with the environment
20
Q

3 aspects of response time (think start of a race)

  • what ones are involved in reaction time
  • which ones are involved in movement time
A 
"GO" signal
response initiation
response termination
reaction time
-go signal to response initiation
movement time
-response initiation to response termination
21
Q

types of reaction time

A

simple RT
choice RT
discrimination RT

22
Q

simple RT

-what is it

A

one signal, one movement

23
Q

choice RT

-what is it

A

greater than 1 signal, different response for each signal

24
Q

discrimination RT

-what is it

A

greater than 1 signal, one response

25
Q

which type of RT is the fastest

A

simple

26
Q

which type of RT is the slowest

A

choice

27
Q

which type of RT is the hardest

A

discrimination

28
Q

simple RT: how long does it take for
-response selection
-efferent processes
(from time of sensation)

A

response selection: 100 ms

efferent processes: 200 ms

29
Q

where can the system of RT break down in patients

-example of each

A 
perceiving sensation
-lack of peripheral sensation - e.g. diabetic neuropathy
-perception of sensation - parietal lobe lesions
response selection
-brain injury, vestibular lesions
response execution
-slowed movement - Parkinson's Disease
-musculoskeletal pain
30
Q

stimulus identification: predictability: fore-period

  • what it is
  • RT improves with…
  • this effect is dependent on…
A

FT = time between warning signal and GO signal
RT improves with
-time predictability (optimal fore-period length = 1-4 seconds)
-stimulus predictability (foot snap signals, orchestra downbeat)
this effect is dependent on attention
-if you divert attention between the pre-cue and the signal to move, the benefit of the pre-cue is lost

31
Q

response selection: number of choices - simple vs. choice

A

RT faster with one simple

32
Q

number of choices: Hick’s Law

-what does it say

A

as the number of decisions increases, RT increases by about 150 ms
RT increases nearly linearly as # of stimulus-response choices doubles

33
Q

response execution: accuracy demands

A

greater accuracy demands require increased required amount of preparation

34
Q

logarithmic speed/accuracy tradeoff

-what are the 3 interacting tradeoffs

A

how far you have to move
how fast you move
how accurate you need to be

35
Q

accuracy demands: Fitts’ Law

  • equation
  • what are the components of the equation
A

MT = a + b log2(2D/W)

  • MT = movement time
  • D = distance moved
  • W = target size
  • a and b are constants
36
Q

Fitts’ Law

-what are the implications

A

average movement time increases as movement amplitude increases and target width decreases

37
Q

log2(2D/W)

-what do we call this?

A

index of difficulty

38
Q

index of difficulty

-applies to…

A

aiming tasks
reaching/grasping
piano playing
pegs into holes

39
Q

how does Fitts’ Law apply to movement preparation?

A 
need to prepare movement goal
-do I go fast or do I try to be accurate
need to select program for ballistic movement
need to prepare how to stop
-example of putting a key into a keyhole
40
Q

speed-accuracy tradeoff

-influence of instruction type

A

in speed emphasized, movement latency will decrease at the cost of accuracy
if accuracy emphasized, latency will increase but accuracy improves

41
Q

performer characteristics influencing movement preparation

  • age
  • sleep
  • physical fitness
A

age
-RT more variable with age
-older adults more thorough with response monitoring
-older adults tend to attend to one stimulus, ignore another
sleep
-deprivation causes longer RT and missing stimuli
-RT gets longer with mental fatigue (but not muscular fatigue)
physical fitness
-more fit = faster RT (attributed to increased arousal)

42
Q

effect of distraction on RT

A

background noise increases RT by inhibiting parts of cerebral cortex

43
Q

multi-tasking

  • perception of increased productivity when multitasking is _____
  • up to 50% of all motor vehicle accidents can be related to…
A

multitasking is a fallacy

MVAs can be related to driver inattention

44
Q

attention and cell phone use

A

85% of cell phone owners use while driving

24% of people in MVAs used cell phone within 10 minutes of accident

45
Q

attention and cell phone use

A

no significant difference between hand-held and hands-free

accident risk when using cell phone while driving is 5.36x greater than undistracted driver

S2 Movement Science (13 decks)

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