Information Processing in Motor Learning and Control Flashcards
OPTIMAL theory of motor learning
- what does it stand for?
- what are the implications?
Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning
- human (motor) behavior is embedded in a cultural context
- cognitions or mindsets can slow or speed motor learning
- intrinsic motivation
- choking vs. flow states
OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning
-what type of factors affect performance and learning
factors that
-underlie intrinsic motivation
OR
-which satisfy fundamental psychological needs
OPTIMAL Theory of Motor Learning
-we want our variables to… (this slide doesn’t make sense to me)
enhance expectancies for future performance success
promote learner autonomy
promote external focus of attention
what factors affect enhanced expectancies
perceived task difficulty
-if told you should do well, you do better
definitions of success
-if “success” is too hard to achieve, they may do worse than someone with a more lenient definition
social-comparative feedback
-feedback better than nothing
-being told you are better than average better than being told you are worse than average
enhanced expectancies
- what is its function
- why does it work?
serve a task-readying function - boost performance
expectations of positive outcome or experience (“reward”) trigger dopaminergic response
-facilitates short-term performance and long-term consolidation
-temporal pairing with task practice is key
enhanced expectancies
-effect of success with challenge on dopamine levels
occasional risks to expected success may temporarily dampen dopamine levels, but amplify impact of subsequent success
providing autonomy
- what does it do
- how does it work
enhances self-efficacy expectation; promotes task focus
- reduces concern about abilities and self-regulatory activities
- frees up attentional resources for performance
- reduces stress
- -cortisol down-regulated dopamine/motivation
what are examples of providing autonomy
self-controlled use of assistive device
incidental choices
-allow patient to choose order of exercises
effect of combining enhances expectancies, autonomy support, and external focus
combining all three leads to best results (practice and retention)
OPTIMAL tips
- enhanced expectancies
- autonomy
- external focus of attention
expectancies
-intrinsic rewards (improved performace, feeling in control, social inclusion) > extrinsic reward
-quantitative metrics assist in goal setting
autonomy
-small incidental choices often more effective than major, task-central ones
-language matters
external focus of attention
-it’s all about the object or environment
information processing model
-what is the metaphor
- sensory systems take in information from an external source
- perceptual process lead to creation of some form of symbolic representation of environmental and task information
- information is compared with existing memory stores and processed for meaning
- speed of processing determines when output occurs
- information output can result in various kinds and qualities of movement
movement planning steps
stimulus identification (perception) response selection (decision making) response execution
stimulus identification
-what happens
receptors transform stimuli into coding impulses
- frequency (or rate) coding
- temporal coding
- population
stimulus identification: perception
- what is it
- what are its functions
meaning is assigned to stimuli
- pattern recognition
- stimulus features
- predictive capabilities
response selection
-what do you do?
compare choices from existing motor memory stores
response execution
- CNS may organize which details
- what is the output
CNS organizes -muscles to perform the task -temporal onset of muscle action (relative timing) -muscle contraction force/duration output is organized movement response
movement preparation takes _____ time
-what do we call this
takes finite time
-reaction time
reaction time
-what is it?
most common measure of cognitive performance/information processing with movement
- time period between onset of a signal and initiation of required movement
- signal may be an environmental cue that necessitates movement
why use reaction time?
can be used to infer multiple characteristics of movement
- mental processing
- situation recognition - recognition of environmental hazards, interaction with the environment
3 aspects of response time (think start of a race)
- what ones are involved in reaction time
- which ones are involved in movement time
"GO" signal response initiation response termination reaction time -go signal to response initiation movement time -response initiation to response termination
types of reaction time
simple RT
choice RT
discrimination RT
simple RT
-what is it
one signal, one movement
choice RT
-what is it
greater than 1 signal, different response for each signal
discrimination RT
-what is it
greater than 1 signal, one response
which type of RT is the fastest
simple
which type of RT is the slowest
choice
which type of RT is the hardest
discrimination
simple RT: how long does it take for
-response selection
-efferent processes
(from time of sensation)
response selection: 100 ms
efferent processes: 200 ms
where can the system of RT break down in patients
-example of each
perceiving sensation -lack of peripheral sensation - e.g. diabetic neuropathy -perception of sensation - parietal lobe lesions response selection -brain injury, vestibular lesions response execution -slowed movement - Parkinson's Disease -musculoskeletal pain
stimulus identification: predictability: fore-period
- what it is
- RT improves with…
- this effect is dependent on…
FT = time between warning signal and GO signal
RT improves with
-time predictability (optimal fore-period length = 1-4 seconds)
-stimulus predictability (foot snap signals, orchestra downbeat)
this effect is dependent on attention
-if you divert attention between the pre-cue and the signal to move, the benefit of the pre-cue is lost
response selection: number of choices - simple vs. choice
RT faster with one simple
number of choices: Hick’s Law
-what does it say
as the number of decisions increases, RT increases by about 150 ms
RT increases nearly linearly as # of stimulus-response choices doubles
response execution: accuracy demands
greater accuracy demands require increased required amount of preparation
logarithmic speed/accuracy tradeoff
-what are the 3 interacting tradeoffs
how far you have to move
how fast you move
how accurate you need to be
accuracy demands: Fitts’ Law
- equation
- what are the components of the equation
MT = a + b log2(2D/W)
- MT = movement time
- D = distance moved
- W = target size
- a and b are constants
Fitts’ Law
-what are the implications
average movement time increases as movement amplitude increases and target width decreases
log2(2D/W)
-what do we call this?
index of difficulty
index of difficulty
-applies to…
aiming tasks
reaching/grasping
piano playing
pegs into holes
how does Fitts’ Law apply to movement preparation?
need to prepare movement goal -do I go fast or do I try to be accurate need to select program for ballistic movement need to prepare how to stop -example of putting a key into a keyhole
speed-accuracy tradeoff
-influence of instruction type
in speed emphasized, movement latency will decrease at the cost of accuracy
if accuracy emphasized, latency will increase but accuracy improves
performer characteristics influencing movement preparation
- age
- sleep
- physical fitness
age
-RT more variable with age
-older adults more thorough with response monitoring
-older adults tend to attend to one stimulus, ignore another
sleep
-deprivation causes longer RT and missing stimuli
-RT gets longer with mental fatigue (but not muscular fatigue)
physical fitness
-more fit = faster RT (attributed to increased arousal)
effect of distraction on RT
background noise increases RT by inhibiting parts of cerebral cortex
multi-tasking
- perception of increased productivity when multitasking is _____
- up to 50% of all motor vehicle accidents can be related to…
multitasking is a fallacy
MVAs can be related to driver inattention
attention and cell phone use
85% of cell phone owners use while driving
24% of people in MVAs used cell phone within 10 minutes of accident
attention and cell phone use
no significant difference between hand-held and hands-free
accident risk when using cell phone while driving is 5.36x greater than undistracted driver
