Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the process by which we encode, store and retrieve information

Question 2

sensory memory

Answer 2

the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

Question 3

short-term memory

Answer 3

memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds

Question 4

long-term memory

Answer 4

memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve

Question 5

chunk

Answer 5

a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory

Question 6

working memory

Answer 6

a set of active, temporary memory stores hat actively manipulate and rehearse information

Question 7

declarative memory

Answer 7

memory for factual information: names, faces, dates and the like

Question 8

procedural memory

Answer 8

memory for skills and habits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball; sometimes referred to as non-declarative memory

Question 9

semantic memory

Answer 9

memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduced other facts

Question 10

episodic memory

Answer 10

memory for events that occur in a particular time, place or context

Question 11

semantic networks

Answer 11

mental representations of clusters of interconnected information

Question 12

rehearsal

Answer 12

the repetition of information that has entered short-term memory

Question 13

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 13

the inability to recall information that one realizes one knows-a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from long-term memory

Question 14

recall

Answer 14

memory task in which specific information must be retrieved

Question 15

recognition

Answer 15

memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives

Question 16

levels of processing theory

Answer 16

the theory of memory that emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed

Question 17

explicit memory

Answer 17

intentional or conscious recollection of information

Question 18

implicit memory

Answer 18

memories of which people are not consciously aware but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior

Question 19

priming

Answer 19

a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept (called a prime) later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept

Question 20

flashbulb memories

Answer 20

memories centered in a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the event

Question 21

constructive process

Answer 21

processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events

Question 22

schemas

Answer 22

organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled

Question 23

autobiographical memories

Answer 23

our recollections of circumstances and episodes from our own lives

Question 24

decay

Answer 24

the loss of information in memory through its nonuse

Question 25

interference

Answer 25

the phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information

Question 26

cue-dependent forgetting

Answer 26

forgetting the occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory

Question 27

proactive interference

Answer 27

interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material

Question 28

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 28

an illness characterized in part by severe memory problems

Question 29

amnesia

Answer 29

memory loss that occurs without other mental difficulties

Question 30

retrograde amnesia

Answer 30

amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain event

Question 31

anterograde amnesia

Answer 31

amnesia in which memory is lost for events that follow an injury

Question 32

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 32

a disease that afflicts long-term alcoholics, leaving some abilities intact but including hallucinations and a tendency to repeat the same story

Question 33

retroactive interference

Answer 33

interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different material