Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

How information gets into memory storage

Question 2

Consolidation

Answer 2

creates & maintains permanent record; poor storage= amnesia

Question 3

Clive Wearing

Answer 3

Consolidation problems; amnesia

Question 4

Amnesia

Answer 4

poor storage; consolidation problems

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

give awareness to a memory, create a conscious representation; free recall; recognition

Question 6

Types of amnesia?

Answer 6

anterograde & retrograde

Question 7

Anterograde

Answer 7

cannot remember stuff going forward from an accident; typically for a longer period

Question 8

Retrograde

Answer 8

cannot remember stuff that happened before the accident; typically is shorter

Question 9

Why is retrograde amnesia typically shorter?

Answer 9

head injury–> disrupts encoding–> things that are already in are more likely to stay in

Question 10

California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)

Answer 10

helps differentiate what systems are effected; 16 words, 4 categories

Question 11

Rey VALT

Answer 11

15 unrelated words, normed with the WMS

Question 12

Types of implicit memory

Answer 12

skills; priming; classical conditioning

Question 13

Implicit Memory

Answer 13

no conscious awareness

Question 14

Perceptual Representation System

Answer 14

repeated presentation of the same visual material enhances firing (lowers threshold) of visual cortical unit sensitive to the stimulus

Question 15

Anatomy of Implicit Memory

Answer 15

Basal Ganglia; Cerebellum; neural plasticity consistent with input

Question 16

Implicit Memory- Basal Ganglia

Answer 16

primary structure; receives projections from substantia nigra & neocortex; sends output to premotor cortex via thalamus

Question 17

Implicit Memory–Cerebellum

Answer 17

motor learning and classical conditioning

Question 18

Types of Explicit Memory

Answer 18

semantic & Episodic

Question 19

Explicit Memory

Answer 19

conscious awareness

Question 20

Episodic memory

Answer 20

type of explicit memory; ability to recall events from our lives

Question 21

Semantic Memory

Answer 21

type of explicit memory; information we have about the world

Question 22

Anatomy of Explicit Memory

Answer 22

medial temporal lobe; thalamus; prefrontal cortex

Question 23

Explicit Memory–Hippocampus/Perihinal Cortex

Answer 23

Fimbra fornix (connects to thalamus, frontal cortex, basal ganglia); sensitive to lack of oxygen; time-tagging/organizing memories

Question 24

Medial Temporal Lobe–Episodic Memory

Answer 24

tends to be more anterior MTL–hippocampus

Question 25

Medial Temporal Lobe--Semantic memory

Answer 25

tends to be more posterior MTL---enthorhinal cortex

Question 26

Amygdala

Answer 26

emotional memories; "flashbulb" memories

Question 27

Lateralization

Answer 27

difficult to study (hard to have purely visual stimuli; other hemispheres can take over the other side); some evidence for lateralization but small effect size

Question 28

Amnesia--Medial Temporal Lobe Damage

Answer 28

H.M.; deficits in storage; lateralization of visual/verbal?; implicit learning spared

Question 29

What area does Alzheimer's disease attack first?

Answer 29

Medial Temporal Lobe

Question 30

Diencephalic (thalamic) Amnesia

Answer 30

includes the medial thalamus & mammillary bodies; Korsakoff's disease; N.A.

Question 31

Korsakoff's disease

Answer 31

anterograde & retrograde amnesia, confabulation, little spontaneous conversation, lack of insight, apathy

Question 32

What does Korsakoff's disease attack?

Answer 32

mammillary bodies

Question 33

what is difficult with Korsakoff's disease?

Answer 33

fail to release from proactive inhibition (difficulty shifting) & difficulty with temporal ordering (which did i hear more recently)

Question 34

N.A.

Answer 34

Thalamic amnesia; bad bout with a mini-fencing foil

Question 35

Proactive inhibition

Answer 35

gets fixated on a topic and have trouble shifting to a new one

Question 36

Working Memory

Answer 36

ability to maintain and manipulate information

Question 37

Phonological Loop

Answer 37

contains acoustic code; decays after a few seconds unless rehearsed

Question 38

Visuospatial Working Memory

Answer 38

store visual and spatial information; "concentration" game

Question 39

Central Executive

Answer 39

integrates info from LTM, phonological loop, and visual working memory

Question 40

Dorsolateral Frontal Lobes

Answer 40

implicated in cellular activity during object and spatial working memory tasks

Question 41

Spatial and Object Working Memory

Answer 41

object--> ventral "what is it pathway" | spatial--> dorsal "where is it pathway"

Question 42

Temporal Sequencing

Answer 42

which word was most recent

Question 43

Source Memory

Answer 43

can't remember where you learned something

Question 44

Frontal Lobe & Memory

Answer 44

failure to release from proactive inhibition; difficulty with temporal sequencing; source memory problems

Question 45

Memory is a biproduct of what?

Answer 45

attention & comprehension

Question 46

Depth of processing

Answer 46

attention & comprehension; differential recall depending on what is attended; deep vs. shallow information

Question 47

Left Prefrontal Cortex is engaged in what?

Answer 47

encoding of explicit memories than in retrieving them

Question 48

Right Prefrontal Cortex is engaged in what?

Answer 48

more episodic memory retrieval

Question 49

Dual System Theory of Amnesia

Answer 49

two parallel systems in memory--one involving the hippocampus and the other involving the amygdala. Lesions in both systems needed for severe amnesia