Language

Question 1

Phonemes

Answer 1

individual units of sound

Question 2

Morphemes

Answer 2

smallest meaningful units of a word

Question 3

Syntax

Answer 3

rules of grammar

Question 4

Semantics

Answer 4

meanings of words/sentences

Question 5

Production

Answer 5

being able to produce speech

Question 6

Auditory Comprehension

Answer 6

Understanding words/information verbally presented

Question 7

Repetition

Answer 7

ability to repeat what someone says

Question 8

Expressive Aphasia

Answer 8

Broca’s; trouble coming up with words he wanted to say; Tan

Question 9

Receptive Aphasia

Answer 9

Wernicke’s; comprehension difficulties

Question 10

Symptoms of Expressive Aphasia

Answer 10

difficulty with speech production; telegraphic speech; aggramatism; circumlocution; phonemic & semantic paraphasias; mild comprehension deficits; poor repetition

Question 11

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 11

speak only single words, short phrases, idioms

Question 12

Aggramatism

Answer 12

function words, suffixes absent; “water floor”

Question 13

Circumlocation

Answer 13

talking around what you want

Question 14

Semantic paraphasias

Answer 14

word is related to the intended word; “boy landing down”

Question 15

Phonetic paraphasias

Answer 15

substitution, addition or rearrangement of speech sounds so that error sounds like the target; “plashing” instead of splashing

Question 16

Anatomy of Expressive Aphasia

Answer 16

left inferior frontal cortex; anterior to the primary motor cortex (facial movement); premotor cortex

Question 17

Premotor Cortex (expressive aphasia)

Answer 17

consistent with sequencing deficits (speech –> motor processes); difficulty with phonemes into words and words into sentences

Question 18

Fluent speech

Answer 18

relatively normal rate, rhythm, and intonation

Question 19

Neologisms

Answer 19

make up words

Question 20

Symptoms of Receptive Aphasia

Answer 20

fluent speech; semantic paraphasia; neologisms; poor comprehension; poor reception

Question 21

Anatomy of Receptive Aphasia

Answer 21

posterior perisylvian region; planum temporale; conceptual link between auditory representations of words with meanings

Question 22

Conduction Aphasia

Answer 22

normal speech comprehension & production (primary areas intact); isolated difficulty with repetition; phonemic paraphasia; difficulty naming (objects); arcuate fasciculus damaged

Question 23

What is the arcuate fasciculus involved with?

Answer 23

conduction aphasia

Question 24

Difficulties with the classical connectionist model of language?

Answer 24

lesions don’t precisely match expected patterns; variability in definition of lesions; aphasias not clearly defined clinically

Question 25

Mental lexicon

Answer 25

the interface that links representations of word form or sound with other types of knowledge

Question 26

how many words does a normal speaker have in their lexicon?

Answer 26

50,000-100,000

Question 27

how many words can a normal speaker recognize?

Answer 27

3 per second

Question 28

Semantic Network

Answer 28

word meanings characterized by complex connections

Question 29

how is the semantic network organized?

Answer 29

based on meanings of words, with similar words having stronger connections than dissimilar words

Question 30

Spreading activation

Answer 30

activation of a conceptual node will lead to activation of similar concepts nearby

Question 31

Behavioral evidence of semantic network

Answer 31

semantic priming studies: first memory of a word pair presented, second word presented is either fake, real unrelated, or real related word. Results: fastest to respond to real related words bc no network exists for fake words

Question 32

Biological evidence of semantic network

Answer 32

category specific naming deficits; Lesions

Question 33

Semantic Network: category specific naming deficits

Answer 33

damaging neural networks; H. Damasio examined naming deficits in faces, animals, tools–people have isolated deficits, combined deficits, and deficits in all three, but no combined deficits in faces and tools

Question 34

Face deficits

Answer 34

left temporal pole

Question 35

animal deficits

Answer 35

inferior temporal lobe

Question 36

tool deficits

Answer 36

posterior temporal lobe

Question 37

Gow

Answer 37

argued there should be networks for speaking if there are for words; found longer voice onset time for words with phonological competitors compared to noncompetitor words; Dorsal basis for lexicon (angular gyrus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, premotor cortex)