Language Flashcards

1
Q

Phonemes

A

individual units of sound

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

smallest meaningful units of a word

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3
Q

Syntax

A

rules of grammar

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4
Q

Semantics

A

meanings of words/sentences

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5
Q

Production

A

being able to produce speech

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6
Q

Auditory Comprehension

A

Understanding words/information verbally presented

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7
Q

Repetition

A

ability to repeat what someone says

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8
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

Broca’s; trouble coming up with words he wanted to say; Tan

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9
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

Wernicke’s; comprehension difficulties

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10
Q

Symptoms of Expressive Aphasia

A

difficulty with speech production; telegraphic speech; aggramatism; circumlocution; phonemic & semantic paraphasias; mild comprehension deficits; poor repetition

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11
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

speak only single words, short phrases, idioms

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12
Q

Aggramatism

A

function words, suffixes absent; “water floor”

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13
Q

Circumlocation

A

talking around what you want

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14
Q

Semantic paraphasias

A

word is related to the intended word; “boy landing down”

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15
Q

Phonetic paraphasias

A

substitution, addition or rearrangement of speech sounds so that error sounds like the target; “plashing” instead of splashing

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16
Q

Anatomy of Expressive Aphasia

A

left inferior frontal cortex; anterior to the primary motor cortex (facial movement); premotor cortex

17
Q

Premotor Cortex (expressive aphasia)

A

consistent with sequencing deficits (speech –> motor processes); difficulty with phonemes into words and words into sentences

18
Q

Fluent speech

A

relatively normal rate, rhythm, and intonation

19
Q

Neologisms

A

make up words

20
Q

Symptoms of Receptive Aphasia

A

fluent speech; semantic paraphasia; neologisms; poor comprehension; poor reception

21
Q

Anatomy of Receptive Aphasia

A

posterior perisylvian region; planum temporale; conceptual link between auditory representations of words with meanings

22
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

normal speech comprehension & production (primary areas intact); isolated difficulty with repetition; phonemic paraphasia; difficulty naming (objects); arcuate fasciculus damaged

23
Q

What is the arcuate fasciculus involved with?

A

conduction aphasia

24
Q

Difficulties with the classical connectionist model of language?

A

lesions don’t precisely match expected patterns; variability in definition of lesions; aphasias not clearly defined clinically

25
Mental lexicon
the interface that links representations of word form or sound with other types of knowledge
26
how many words does a normal speaker have in their lexicon?
50,000-100,000
27
how many words can a normal speaker recognize?
3 per second
28
Semantic Network
word meanings characterized by complex connections
29
how is the semantic network organized?
based on meanings of words, with similar words having stronger connections than dissimilar words
30
Spreading activation
activation of a conceptual node will lead to activation of similar concepts nearby
31
Behavioral evidence of semantic network
semantic priming studies: first memory of a word pair presented, second word presented is either fake, real unrelated, or real related word. Results: fastest to respond to real related words bc no network exists for fake words
32
Biological evidence of semantic network
category specific naming deficits; Lesions
33
Semantic Network: category specific naming deficits
damaging neural networks; H. Damasio examined naming deficits in faces, animals, tools--people have isolated deficits, combined deficits, and deficits in all three, but no combined deficits in faces and tools
34
Face deficits
left temporal pole
35
animal deficits
inferior temporal lobe
36
tool deficits
posterior temporal lobe
37
Gow
argued there should be networks for speaking if there are for words; found longer voice onset time for words with phonological competitors compared to noncompetitor words; Dorsal basis for lexicon (angular gyrus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, premotor cortex)