Memory 4.1.2

Question 1

What is memory ?

Answer 1

The process of acquisition / storage (encoding) and retrieval of information.

Question 2

What is the capacity, duration,encoding?

Answer 2

Capacity - how much can be held
Duration - How long information can be retained
Encoding - the way information is transformed to a storage within memory

Question 3

Capacity STM

Answer 3

7+- 2 things

Question 4

Capacity test

Answer 4

participants are presented with number lists of increasing lengths and then are asked to recall them.

Question 5

Durations STM

Answer 5

18-30 seconds

Question 6

Encoding STM

Answer 6

acoustically

Question 7

What was the Peterson and Peterson study?

Answer 7

Tests duration

Presented participants with trigrams and asked them to recall after varying intervals

As the intervals increased the memory rate reduced

Question 8

Evaluation of P&P (strengths)

Answer 8

• standardised method
  -Aid to revision and learning
• lab ( controls extraneous variables)

Question 9

Evaluation of P&P (limitations)

Answer 9

Lacks ecological validity

Lacks population validity

Demand characteristics

Question 10

LTM capacity, duration,encoding

Answer 10

capacity - potentially infinite
Duration - potentially infinite
encoding- semantically (meaning)

Question 11

What was the yearbook research into LTM

Answer 11

Condition One - recognition had to match the yearbook photo to the name chosen from a list

Condition Two - recall - asked to name the people from memory

Question 12

What was the findings of the yearbook research

Answer 12

Recognition was more successful when recognising rather than recall

Long term memory potentially lasts decades

Question 13

What was the LTM encoding research

Answer 13

Participants presented with list of words that sound semantically similar

They were asked to recall immediately or after 20 minutes

Question 14

Findings of the LTM encoding research

Answer 14

After 20 minutes the words became jumbled up - recall was lower -Ltm encodes semantically

Question 15

AO3 of the LTM encoding research

Answer 15

S - lab study - control of distractions

L - artificial task
- Only measures LTM for 20 minutes

Question 16

Who created the trip article model and when?

Answer 16

Tulving - 1985

Question 17

What is the procedural part of the LTM

Answer 17

Memory of how we do things/skill

able to recall without conscious awareness –> implicit

’ not available for conscious inspection’

• turning right at a junction

Question 18

What is the Episodic part of the LTM

Answer 18

For personal event

Explicit

‘available for conscious inspection’

• breakfast you ate this morning

Question 19

What is the semantic part of the LTM

Answer 19

Knowledge of the world/ facts and knowledge

explicit / non declarative

’ available for conscious inspection’

Question 20

evaluation for the trip article model
STRENGTHS

Answer 20

Clive Wearing –> Amnesia
He could still play piano but not recall life

Neuro imaging
Episodic/Semantic –> prefrontal cortex
Procedural –> Cerebellum

Question 21

evaluation for the trip article model
LIMITATIONS

Answer 21

Clive wearing –> Only one person –> lacks population validity

Brainscans are based on blood flow which is not direct measure of brain activity

Question 22

Strengths of the multi-store memory model

Answer 22

Wearing case study - shows LTM + STM are unitary stores

Serial position technique
- separate store

Question 23

Limitations of the Multi store memory model

Answer 23

Wearing - piano (procedural) could not life events (episodic)
LTM not unitary

Flashbulb memories

Question 24

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 24

are vivid and resistant to forgetting without maintenance rehearsal

Question 25

what was the serial position technique?

Answer 25

PPT given list of words and then were asked to recall
middle was forgotten

First words travelled to LTM ( primary effect)

Last words still in STM ( regency effect)

Question 26

What is the central executive?

Answer 26

Attentional process that monitors incoming data and allocates tasks to slave systems.

Limited in capacity / how much information it can hold at one time - can only hold on to one type of information at one time

Question 27

WMM What is the phonological loop?

Answer 27

deals with auditory information

2 seconds of what you can say capacity

Question 28

what is the phonological store?

Answer 28

stores words you hear

Question 29

What’s the articulatory process?

Answer 29

allows maintenance rehearsal

Question 30

What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 30

stores visual and spatial information

Question 31

what is the visual cache?

Answer 31

stores visual data

Question 32

what is the inner scribe?

Answer 32

records the arrangement of objects in the visual field

Question 33

what is the episodic buffer?

Answer 33

integrating visual/spatial/verbal information in a sequence of time

Question 34

Strengths of working memory model

Answer 34

Patient KF

Dual task performance - gave two visual task and one visual one verbal ( done better)
must be separate slave systems

Brain scanning - prefrontal cortex activity increases during logic task

Question 35

Limitations of the Working memory model

Answer 35

case study - not generaliseable

Dual task lacks mundane realism - hmm is doubtful

Brainscans measure bloodflow but we think in electrical impulses