memory

Question 1

Who introduced the idea of ID in memory?

Answer 1

Melton 1967; differed in working mem ability, strategy and motivation

Question 2

What is WM ability associated with?

Answer 2

Reading comprehensibility, IQ, academic performance and behaviour (obeying complex instructions and tking notes)

Question 3

What is working memory/complex span?

Answer 3

20 subjects read sentences and held last word in memory + correct number of consecutive correct sets= working memory span

Question 4

Daneman and Carpenter 80 said

Answer 4

working memory span varied considerably and correlated strongly with reading comprehensibility

Question 5

Daneman and Carpenter 96 said:

Answer 5

meta anaof 74 studies; WM corr with global comprehension (reading and vocab)

Question 6

who found WM predicts ‘g’ and therefore IQ?

Answer 6

meta-ana= r.68 (Oberauer)

wm best predictor of IQ and accounts for 50=70% variance (sub 02)

Question 7

Hitch and McAuley 91/ hitch 2001:

Answer 7

1) maths and reading ability in children correlates with WM impairments and is a driver of development.
2) complex span also correlates/predictive at 1year follow up

Question 8

What are the implications of WM with ADHD

Answer 8

Gathercole– wm known as dreamy, inattentive but not disruptive; failure to follow instructions; potentially misdiagnosed with ADHD (more complex than just WM)

Question 9

How are ID shown in STM?

Answer 9

simple digit span tasks; able to be trained (chase and erikson: from 7-80 and up to 20 in 50h training)
but only applies to practised material

Question 10

How are ID shown in episodic memory?

Answer 10

strategy of encoding;

Question 11

Craik and Lockhart 72

Answer 11

level of processing; shallow/ortho, mid/phono, deep/semantic: greater depth of processing= better recall. not affected by intention

Question 12

Heinz 06

Answer 12

visualisation vs rote repetition; visual encoding is better (deeper representation)

Question 13

how was fmri used to show differences?

Answer 13

Maguire 03: left fusiform and right cingulated regions are involved in encoding particular superior memorisers

Question 14

how do superior memorises do it and are they special?

Answer 14

they use visualisation techniques to study 3 digit numbers; more likely to use loci strategy to activate more processes of activity spatial regions and HPC (Maguire 03)
They are not special! Anyone can be trained, no differences in brain anatomy to controls (chase and erickson 80)

Question 15

how does motivation to remember affect ID in memory?

Answer 15

Episodic memory for events; HPC is motivated to remember to learn from experience; HPC projects to VTA for unexpected reinforcement (better/worse than expected- Ljungberg 92)

Question 16

how can motivation be demonstrated?

Answer 16

Shultz 97: monkey conditioned by reward; given motivation/ dopamine firing association
Bunzek 06; dopamnine firing is critical for considating and modulating episodic mem and drives interction between DA and HPC (wittman 05)
wittman 05: also motivation for exams is anticipating reward

Question 17

what is the ‘novelty encoding hypothesis’ (Tulving 96)

Answer 17

• early stage of encoding; varies directly with novelty judgement (axmacher 10; when more than predicted)

Question 18

How does curiosity level correlate with memory?

Answer 18

Kary 08: reward centre for DA correlates; incorrct guesses mean C increases
Gruber 14: fmri HPC more activated when rated trivia questions more curious and faces presented when more curious were better remembered; brain state is condusive to learning