memory Flashcards
Who introduced the idea of ID in memory?
Melton 1967; differed in working mem ability, strategy and motivation
What is WM ability associated with?
Reading comprehensibility, IQ, academic performance and behaviour (obeying complex instructions and tking notes)
What is working memory/complex span?
20 subjects read sentences and held last word in memory + correct number of consecutive correct sets= working memory span
Daneman and Carpenter 80 said
working memory span varied considerably and correlated strongly with reading comprehensibility
Daneman and Carpenter 96 said:
meta anaof 74 studies; WM corr with global comprehension (reading and vocab)
who found WM predicts ‘g’ and therefore IQ?
meta-ana= r.68 (Oberauer)
wm best predictor of IQ and accounts for 50=70% variance (sub 02)
Hitch and McAuley 91/ hitch 2001:
1) maths and reading ability in children correlates with WM impairments and is a driver of development.
2) complex span also correlates/predictive at 1year follow up
What are the implications of WM with ADHD
Gathercole– wm known as dreamy, inattentive but not disruptive; failure to follow instructions; potentially misdiagnosed with ADHD (more complex than just WM)
How are ID shown in STM?
simple digit span tasks; able to be trained (chase and erikson: from 7-80 and up to 20 in 50h training)
but only applies to practised material
How are ID shown in episodic memory?
strategy of encoding;
Craik and Lockhart 72
level of processing; shallow/ortho, mid/phono, deep/semantic: greater depth of processing= better recall. not affected by intention
Heinz 06
visualisation vs rote repetition; visual encoding is better (deeper representation)
how was fmri used to show differences?
Maguire 03: left fusiform and right cingulated regions are involved in encoding particular superior memorisers
how do superior memorises do it and are they special?
they use visualisation techniques to study 3 digit numbers; more likely to use loci strategy to activate more processes of activity spatial regions and HPC (Maguire 03)
They are not special! Anyone can be trained, no differences in brain anatomy to controls (chase and erickson 80)
how does motivation to remember affect ID in memory?
Episodic memory for events; HPC is motivated to remember to learn from experience; HPC projects to VTA for unexpected reinforcement (better/worse than expected- Ljungberg 92)
how can motivation be demonstrated?
Shultz 97: monkey conditioned by reward; given motivation/ dopamine firing association
Bunzek 06; dopamnine firing is critical for considating and modulating episodic mem and drives interction between DA and HPC (wittman 05)
wittman 05: also motivation for exams is anticipating reward
what is the ‘novelty encoding hypothesis’ (Tulving 96)
- early stage of encoding; varies directly with novelty judgement (axmacher 10; when more than predicted)
How does curiosity level correlate with memory?
Kary 08: reward centre for DA correlates; incorrct guesses mean C increases
Gruber 14: fmri HPC more activated when rated trivia questions more curious and faces presented when more curious were better remembered; brain state is condusive to learning
