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Neurophys 3 exam 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the allocortex?

A

Archicortex and paleocortex

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2
Q

What percentage of the human cerebral cortex does the allocortex make up?

A

10%

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3
Q

After dissection, what else can be viewed in the allocortex?

A

Hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum)

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4
Q

The hippocampus connects with what?

A

Septal nuclei, mamillary body, and contralateral hippocampus via fornix

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5
Q

What 3 layers make up the hippocampus?

A

1, 5, and 6

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6
Q

What projects to the hippocampus (Ammon’s horn)?

A

Dentate gyrus

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7
Q

What 3 layers make up the dentate gyrus?

A

1, 4, and 6

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8
Q

What merges with the entorhial area?

A

Subiculum

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9
Q

The hippocampal formation receives 1° imput from the entorhinal cortex of the parahippocampal gyrus through what?

A

Perforant and alveolar pathway

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10
Q

What does the hippocampal formation play an important role in?

A

Declarative memory

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11
Q

T/F Episodic is factual information

A

False; episodic is daily episodes of life; semantic is factual information

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12
Q

Parahippocampal regions have bidirectional connections with what?

A

Cerebral cortex

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13
Q

The hippocampus has bidirectional connections with what?

A

Parahippocampal regions

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14
Q

What do the connections between the hippocampus and paracampal regions allow for?

A

Promotes more flexible associations among items; differentiating overlapping patterns; encoding of each unique episode

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15
Q

What are hippocampal “place” cells?

A

Presumably the principal cells in each of the layers that fire in complex bursts when an animal moves through a specific location in an environment

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16
Q

Memory functions can be localized to specific regions of the brain such as?

A

Hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus

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17
Q

Memories are caused by changes in what?

A

Sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous mental activity

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18
Q

What do the changes in sensitivity cause?

A

They cause new pathways or facilitated pathways to develop “memory traces”

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19
Q

Memory traces can occur at all levels of the nervous system from ____ to ____

A

Spinal cord to cortex

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20
Q

Most memory we associate with intellectual processes is based on what?

A

Memory traces in cerebral cortex

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21
Q

Positive memory is associated with what?

A

Facilitation

22
Q

Negative memory is associated with _____

A

Habituation (suppression)

23
Q

Short term memory lasts how long?

A

Seconds to minutes

24
Q

_____ memory lasts years to entire life

A

Long term

25
Q

What type of memory lasts days to weeks?

A

Intermediate long term memory

26
Q

What is the NMDA receptor associated with?

A

Synaptic learning/memory

27
Q

What does the NMDA receptor bind?

A

Glutamate

28
Q

What type of ionic channels are associated with the NMDA receptors?

A

Ligand and voltage gated

29
Q

T/F Memory has stages and is continually changing

A

True

30
Q

Long term memory has what kind of changes?

A

Plastic changes

31
Q

Physical changes coding memory are localized in what?

A

Multiple regions of the brain

32
Q

____ and ____ memory involve different neuronal circuits

A

Reflexive and declarative

33
Q

Memories are caused by groups of neurons that fire together in what?

A

Fire together in the same pattern each time they are activated

34
Q

What are characteristics of conscious memory?

A

Memory of details of an integrated thought; memories of surroundings, time relationships, cause and meaning of the experience; acquiring knowledge of people, places, and things; involves hippocampal gyrus

35
Q

What is the hippocampal gyrus used for?

A

Evaluation, comparison, inference

36
Q

What is the name of a rare phenomenon where a person has total recall of all events experienced since age 10-14 to the present?

A

Hyperthymestic syndrome

37
Q

Those with hyperthymestic syndrome have a large ____

A

Caudate nucleus

38
Q

Unconscious memory is associated with what?

A

Motor activity

39
Q

With unconscious memory, we acquire ___ or ___ skills that are unavailable to consciousness

A

Motor or perceptual

40
Q

Certain forms of unconscious memory involve what parts of the brain?

A

Amygdala and cerebellum

41
Q

Declarativr memory can be subdivided into what 2 categories?

A

Episodic and semantic

42
Q

Declarative memory involves the funcgion of what?

A

Hippocampus and parahippocampal areas

43
Q

T/F The cortical areas are thought to process newly learned information

A

False; the hippocampus processes newly learned information (and then transfers it to cortical areas)

44
Q

How long may the hippocampus store long term memory?

A

Weeks

45
Q

The hippocampus gradually transfers memory to specific regions of ____

A

The cerebral cortex

46
Q

How many major synaptic pathways does the hippocampus have?

A

3

47
Q

Each major synaptic pathway of the hippocampus is capable of long-term potentiation which is thought to play a role in what?

A

The storage process

48
Q

Bilateral removal of what produces profound deficits in memory function?

A

Hippocampus

49
Q

T/F Short term memory is lost with removal of the hippocampus

A

False; short term memory is in tact; the capacity to form new long term memory is lost

50
Q

With removal of the hippocampus, there is a loss in ability to transfer most types of learning from ___ to ___ memory

A

Short term to long term (exception is reflexive learning, i.e. motor skills)

51
Q

T/F if the hippocampus is removed, there is a loss of orientation in space and time

A

True

52
Q

Memory capabilities that are spared follwing bilateral lesions of the temporal lobe typically involve learned tasks with what in common?

A

Tasks tend to be reflexive not reflective and invilve habits, motor, or perceptual skills
They do not require conscious awareness or complex cognitive processes (e.g. comparison and evaluation)

Neurophys 3 exam 1 (5 decks)

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