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Brain and Behavior > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Difficulty retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia

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2
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

The inability to form new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder

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3
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Facts and information acquired by learning

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4
Q

Procedural Memory

A

Memory about perceptual or motor procedures

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5
Q

Confabulate

A

Fill a gap in memory with a falsification that they seem to accept as true

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6
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place

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7
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Generalized memory- knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned that word.

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8
Q

Priming

A

Exposure to a stimuli facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioning

A

A form of learning in which an organism comes to associate two stimuli or a stimulus and a response

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10
Q

Iconic Memories

A

A brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene

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11
Q

Working Memory

A

Holds memories available for ready access during performance of a task

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12
Q

Primacy Effect

A

The superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; usually attributed to long-term memory

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13
Q

Recency Effect

A

Superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; attributed to short term memory

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14
Q

Stages of Memory Formation

A

Encoding: Information is passed into short-term memory
Consolidation: Information in STM or ITM is transferred to LTM
Retrieval: A stored memory is used by an organism

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15
Q

Engram

A

The physical basis of a memory in the brain

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16
Q

Hippocampus is important for…

A

Memory consolidation

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17
Q

Permanent storage of information tends to be in…

A

The regions of the cortex where the information was first processed and held in short-term memory

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18
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that has taken place but has not (yet) been demonstrated by performance

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19
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or environment

20
Q

Non-associative Learning

A

Presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus; includes habituation and sensitization

21
Q

Habituation

A

An organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus

22
Q

Dishabituation

A

The restoration of response amplitude following habituation

23
Q

Sensitization

A

The response is greater than the baseline level because of prior stimulation

24
Q

Hebb

A

Proposed that when a presynaptic neuron repeatedly activates a postsynaptic neuron, the synaptic connection between them will become stronger and more stable

25
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

A stable and enduring increase in effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation

26
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist and that is both ligand gated and voltage-sensitive
Fully active only when gated by a combination of voltage and ligand

27
Q

AMPA Receptor

A

A glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate against AMPA
Activated in CA1 during low-level activity

28
Q

Protein Kinases

A

An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to protein molecules

29
Q

CREB

A

A transcription factor (a protein that binds to the promoter region of genes and causes those genes to change their rate of expression that is activated by protein kinases

30
Q

Retrograde Messenger

A

Transmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, travels across the synapse and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron

31
Q

Instrumental Conditioning

A

A form of associative learning in which an association is formed between the animal’s behavior and the consequences of that behavior

32
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

An initially neutral stimulus comes to predict an event

33
Q

Conditional Knockout

A

A gene that can be selectively deactivated

34
Q

Nootropics

A

A class of drugs that enhance cognitive function

35
Q

Overt Attention

A

Attention in which the focus coincides with sensory orientation

36
Q

Covert Attention

A

Focus can be directed independently of sensory orientation

37
Q

Dichotic Presentation

A

Simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to the right and left ears

38
Q

Shadowing

A

The subject is asked to focus attention on one ear or the other while stimuli are being presented separately to both ears

39
Q

Attentional Bottleneck

A

A filter that results from the limits to our attentional processes

40
Q

Late Selection Model

A

The processing bottleneck is situated later in the processing pathway, filtering out stimuli only after substantial analysis has occured

41
Q

Perceptual Load

A

The immediate processing challenge presented by a stimulus

42
Q

Endogenous Attention

A

The voluntary direction of attention in accordance to our interests and goals

43
Q

Symbolic Cuing Task

A

An endogenous attention task in which each trial is preceded by a symbol that cues the location where the stimulus will appear

44
Q

Exogenous Attention

A

The involuntary reorienting of attention toward the location of an unexpected object or event

45
Q

Feature Search

A

A search for an item in which the target pops out right away, because it possesses a unique attribute

46
Q

Conjunction Search

A

A search for an item that is based on two or more features that together distinguish the target from distractors that may share some of the same attributes

Brain and Behavior (8 decks)

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