Memory

Question 1

there are 3 types of memory:

Answer 1

episodic, semantic, procedural

Question 2

episodic and semantic can be described as

Answer 2

declarative

Question 3

procedural memory can be described as

Answer 3

non-declarative, skills and habits (BG)

Question 4

declarative memory is centered in the ___ lobe and ____, and includes ____(___) and ____(___). it can therefore be said to involve ___ info

Answer 4

medial temporal, diencephalon, semantic, facts, episodic, events, explicit

Question 5

non-declarative memory involves _____ information, i.e. ____. it is acted on in ____ conditioning by combining info from the ____ regarding ___ ___ with ___ ____ associated with the _____

Answer 5

procedural, motor skills, classical, cerebellum, skeletal musculature, emotional responses, amygdala.

Question 6

there are 3 sub processes of memory:

Answer 6

encoding( trace formation) , storage (retention in LTM), retrieval (extraction from LTM)

Question 7

memory is the ability to represent past ____, mental ____ and previously acquired implicit ____

Answer 7

experience, events, knowledge

Question 8

inability to recall on demand=

Answer 8

retrograde amnesia

Question 9

can’t make new memories=

Answer 9

anterograde

Question 10

working memory is the ability to

Answer 10

retain info “online” during normal cognition

Question 11

the multi store model of memory is based on ______ (_____)s _____ and ____ ___ ____ studies on brain damaged patients

Answer 11

Atkinson& Shiffrin, 1968, empirical evidence comparing psychophysics of healthy with neuropsychological dissoc., serial position effect

Question 12

chunking involves

Answer 12

reducing large quantities of information into smaller manageable chunks ( ex letters into words)

Question 13

the serial position effect (___, ____) plotted primary effect against ____ to give _____ effect, which showed that ____

Answer 13

murdoch, 1962, serial position, recency, people are more likely to remember the info at the beginning and ends of lists

Question 14

the basic assumpltion of psychophysics is that

Answer 14

perception/cognition can be deconstructed into sub-processes

Question 15

the distinction between STM and LTM is seen as

Answer 15

depending on where the brain is damaged–> anterograde or retrograde

Question 16

both types of amnesia can be treated with

Answer 16

ect

Question 17

retrograde amnesia is due to damage to

Answer 17

ventral frontal regions including uncinate fasciculus

Question 18

STM involves ___ similarity and ____

Answer 18

acoustic, interference

Question 19

LTM involves ___ similarity and ____ words

Answer 19

semantic, facilitation

Question 20

conditioning in anterograde amnesia is done by combining ___ response to ____ with ____, which results in __________ but no memory of training. extinction occurs after ____ but ____. therefore classical conditioning shows memory is ____

Answer 20

eyeblink response, air puff, tone, CS-UR relationship, 2 years, can be retrieved 1/10th times, implicit

Question 21

The 4 theories of forgetting are

Answer 21

1. Trace decay theory
2. Interference theory
3. Retrieval theory
4. Schema

Question 22

short term trace decay is seen in the absence of ____, info remains briefly in _____, before being forgotten- this was shown experimentally in the ___ ____ technique (____), whose aim was to provide empirical evidence for the ___ ____ ___

Answer 22

rehearsal, STM, brown peterson technique, 1959, multi store model

Question 23

sensory memory is ____ specific and includes ____. The Iconic memory store is up to ___ and the echoic is up to ____

Answer 23

modality, attention, 0.5s, 2s

Question 24

___(___) Tachistoscope experiment is used to test ____ memory, and is done by ___ ____ for ____. ____ found that by accompanying the stimuli with a brief__/___/___ ___, ___ memory was improved

Answer 24

Sperling, 1960, sensory, flashing a stimuli, 50ms, sperling, high, med, low, tone, iconic

Question 25

___ is how sensory input is represented in the memory system

Answer 25

coding

Question 26

verbal STM, or __ ___, is assessed using a ___ ____ _____ test

Answer 26

working memory, forward-backward digit span test

Question 27

perceptual learning is assessed using ___, where parts of a drawing are used to test ___ between ___

Answer 27

priming, associations, stimuli

Question 28

tasks to assess procedural memory include ___ __ (___) and ___ ____(___) -the latter was done on __ and showed he ___ although didn't _____ - therefore he had intact ___ (or ____) memory.

Answer 28

rotary pursuit, corkin 1968, mirror tracing, milner 1962, HM, remembered how to mirror draw, remember training, procedural, non-declarative

Question 29

elizabeth loftus showed evidence for the ____ theory using cases of ____. This theory says we ___ memories to fit a ____

Answer 29

schema, EWT, reconstruct, schema

Question 30

the schema theory says that information sampling occurs via the _____ (ie did you ____), and false post information can result in ____

Answer 30

misinformation effect, see a or the, false memories

Question 31

the effect of false memories was shown my ____(___) who showed that the wording after a car accident affect how ___ the person though the car was going. ____ was also shown to have an effect, as telling them they had gotten sick from an ____ when a child resulted in _____

Answer 31

loftus & palmer 1947, fast, false suggestion, egg sandwich, long lasting behavioural changes

Question 32

in ____(___) post car accident test, "smashed" resulted in ___ thinking there was ___ and "hit" made ___ believe

Answer 32

loftus&palmer 1947, 32%, 14%

Question 33

a huge contribution to false EWT is ___ ____, where the person is recognised as ____ but don't know where from

Answer 33

source misattribution, familiar

Question 34

HM had ____ so his _____ were removed which resulted in both ______

Answer 34

temporal lobe epilepsy, medial temporal lobes (although entorhinal and parahippocampal non func too because of atrophy), a and r amnesia

Question 35

working memory is associated with the

Answer 35

prefrontal cortex

Question 36

semantic memory is associated with

Answer 36

the infero lateral temporal lobe

Question 37

procedural memory is associated with

Answer 37

the cerebellum, BG (putamen), and the supplementary motor cortex

Question 38

loftus quote: who we are may be ____ but our memories are _____ and what we have been _____ (__)

Answer 38

shaped by our memories, shaped by who we are, led to believe, 2003

Question 39

trace decay theory states that ____ changes occur during ____ and without ____, _____ processes occur which reverse these changes. however the problem is that ___ alone doesn't account for ___ as shown by ____ memory

Answer 39

functional & structural changes occur, learning, rehearsal, metabolic, time, forgetting, recalled

Question 40

interference theory says that ____ interfere with eachother and that this interference can be ____/____

Answer 40

similar items, retroactive, proactive

Question 41

retrieval failure theory says that ___may not be ____ if correct ____aren't used. method showed that recall ___ when information was ____ rather than _____

Answer 41

memories, recalled, retrieval cues, improved categorised, free

Question 42

schema theory says that memories are a ______, which distorts if new information ____ with _____, and also is cognitively ____ as ____ occurs. implications for EWT is that we tend to ____

Answer 42

simplified generalized mental representation of an event based on past experience, conflicts, existing, economical, filling in, reconstruct memories to fit schema

Question 43

Loftus' ____ report (___) made conviction on a single ____ not viable due to emprical evidence that memory is a ____ and is influenced by _____ guessing and ______

Answer 43

devlin, 1976, ewt, reconstruction, educated, suggestive wording