Memory

Question 1

Thorndike

Answer 1

Responsible for idea of decay with time (1914)

Question 2

McGeoch

Answer 2

criticism of decay; advocated for interference

Question 3

Proactive interference

Answer 3

When old learning affects new learning

Question 4

Retroactive interference

Answer 4

When new learning affects old learning (previous associations)

Question 5

Negative transfer

Answer 5

Learning A-D after learning A-B takes longer then learning C-D after A-B

Question 6

Positive Transfer

Answer 6

Previous learning facilitates later learning (learning A-B’ is easier after learning A-B)

Question 7

Response Competition

Answer 7

McGeoch’s answer to why interference occurs: there is only one chance for associations, so RI/PI compete to put one down

Question 8

Modified Modified Free Recall Test

Answer 8

Two spaces for associations are open so response competition is eliminated (if response competition were correct MMFR would make interference go away)

Question 9

Barnes & Underwood, 1959

Answer 9

All groups learned A-B; different experimental groups then learned A-D at varying intervals (short, medium, long) or A-B’; given an MMFR; results showed interference which means response competition is incorrect

Question 10

Multiple factor interference theory

Answer 10

Unlearning occurs with interference (association is weakened)

Question 11

Brown Peterson Paradigm

Answer 11

After being given a trigram, participants are asked to count backwards by threes, then recall the trigram. This task demonstrates rapid forgetting

Question 12

Primacy effect

Answer 12

Words at the beginning of the list are better retrieved than those in the middle

Question 13

Recency Effect

Answer 13

Words at the end of a list are better recalled than those in the middle UNLESS recall is delayed

Question 14

Modal Model of Memory

Answer 14

(Atkinson & Shiffrin) 3 systems: sensory register (information from the environment like iconic imagery or echoic trace), short-term store (limited in capacity and time), and long-term store (unlimited and permanent)

Question 15

Baddeley & Hitch’s model

Answer 15

The short-term is the boss of cognitive system and the “central executive” is linked to three other system: phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad & the episodic buffer

Question 16

Acoustic similarity effect

Answer 16

Trigrams with a common phoneme are more easily stored (ex: BVT)

Question 17

State dependency theory

Answer 17

something learned in an intoxicated state can only be recalled when in the intoxicated state

Question 18

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

Memories after the trauma cannot be recalled (HM)

Question 19

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

Memories just before the trauma cannot be recalled (Last in, first out); can be improved/recovered

Question 20

Hazard

Answer 20

The conditional probability of an event occurring, given that it hasn’t occurred yet.

Question 21

Two trace hazard model

Answer 21

New memories are most vulnerable; interference occurs in a time context

Question 22

Monotonically decreasing hazard

Answer 22

Storage loss over time therefore risk goes down for earlier stored memories (wrong)

Question 23

Generation effect

Answer 23

The more effort a subject puts into encoding, the more likely they are to recall the item

Question 24

Explicit Memory

Answer 24

Our conscious, declarative (episodic) memory

Question 25

Implicit memory

Answer 25

Our unconscious, automatic memory