memory Flashcards
process by which we recollect prior experience, information, and skill learning in the past
memory
prior experiences, memory of a specific event
episodic memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant event
flashbulb memory
general information and knowledge that can be recalled
semantic memory
memory that consists of the skills and procedures one has learned
procedural memory
transition of information into a form that is stored in memory
encoding
processing many pieces at a time simultaneously
parallel processing
unconsciously encoding incidental information, space, time, frequency, and well learned info
automatic processing
shapes, looks, surface structure
shallow processing
using semantics
deep processing
encoding something based on how it relates to you
self referent processing
requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
maintenance of encoded information over time
storage
repeating
maintenance rehearsal
relating new information to old information
elaborative rehearsal
memories become stored and arranged in your mind for future use
organizational systems
distributed study or practice yields better long term retention than massed study or practice
spacing effect
additional rehearsal of information after learning material that increases retention
overlearning
the process of remembering, or bringing to the front of consciousness, information from memory storage
retrieval
retrieve info from memory without help
recall
recognize from a list of alternatives
recognition
person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after them
next in line effect
information at the beginning is remembered better than material in the middle
primary effect
information at the end is remembered better than material in the middle
recency effect
Herman Ebbinghaus found
serial position effects: primary and recency effect
info is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored
context dependent memory
memory where info is more easily retrieved when in the same physiological or emotional state as when the memory was originally learned
state dependent memory
context dependent memory is..
internal
state dependent memory is..
external
immediate, initial recording of sensory information; lasts .5 to 2 seconds
- sensory memory
impression made on our senses that lasts for only a fraction of a second
memory trace
part of sensory memory that holds visual memory
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
echoic memory
memory that holds info briefly before its stored or forgotten; last about 18 seconds
- short term memory
Millers Law
2 seconds of sound, 6 letter, 5 words
organizing of items into familiar or manageable units
chunking
process that occurs when new info appears in short term memory and replaces what was already there
interference
type of memory capable of large and relatively permanent storage
- long term memory
there is _________ to how much can be stored in our long term memory
no limit
gradual decay, displacement, and interference
forgetting
most forgetting takes place during the first ____ hours after learning
nine
difference between the number of repetitions needed to learn a list of items and the number to relearn
method of savings
curve of forgetting, memory lasts in long term memory for a long time
Ebbinghaus results
gradual erosion of a memory
decay
limited memory capacity pushes out old information
displacement
when Older info interferes with recall of new info
Proactive interference
when learning New info interferes with recall of old info
Retroactive interference
conscious attempt to forget info
suppression
unconscious attempt to forget info
repression
exposed to misleading information, we misremember
misinformation effect
misattributing source of event, deja vu
source amnesia
the loss of memory of events prior to an injury, many regain memories back
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory of events occurring after the injury, result of damage to hippocampus
anterograde amnesia
believe their minds are like video cameras and record everything they experience in life
eyewitness identification
something that helps people remember something
mnemonics
associates well known locations with info to be
method of loci
relate new information to current knowledge
create an outline
practice is broken into shorter sessions over a longer period of time
distributed practice
preview, question, read, reflect, and review
PQ4R method
create an outline and review your notes as soon as possible after a lecture
lecture notes
