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Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1503 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

A relatively permanent change in the reaction to a situation - Domjan 1998.

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2
Q

How does Pearce (2008) define learning?

A

Long lasting change in behaviour as a result of previous experience.

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3
Q

Why is the focus on behavior considered simplistic for humans?

A

Because it does not encompass the internal representation of relationships between events in the environment.

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4
Q

What is memory?

A

The mental process of acquiring and retaining info for later retrieval.

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5
Q

What are the three focuses of memory?

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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6
Q

What must happen for memory to be retrieved?

A

It must have been previously stored.

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7
Q

What must happen for memory to be stored?

A

It must have been previously encoded.

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8
Q

Who conducted the first study of memory and when?

A

Ebbinghaus conducted the first study of memory in 1885.

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9
Q

What did Ebbinghaus use in his memory studies?

A

Lists of CVC trigrams (meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant syllables).

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10
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

An exponential loss of information, with the sharpest decline in memory occurring in the first 20 minutes.

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11
Q

What does the Atkinson & Shiffrin model (1968) describe?

A

The Multi-Store Model (MSM) which includes sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

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12
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Stimuli in the environment are detected and initially encoded in sensory memory.

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13
Q

What is the duration of STM?

A

Thought to be relatively brief, lasting seconds to minutes.

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14
Q

What is the role of rehearsal in STM?

A

Rehearsal increases the duration of STM and the likelihood that info will be transferred to LTM.

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15
Q

What is the serial position curve?

A

A phenomenon where people tend to remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.

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16
Q

What is the digit span test?

A

A test of immediate verbal recall from STM where participants repeat back a list of numbers.

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17
Q

What is chunking?

A

A strategy to fit more information into STM by grouping items together.

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18
Q

Who is Clive Wearing?

A

A case study of amnesia who struggles to maintain information in STM but can remember some LTM.

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19
Q

What is the role of the central executive in working memory?

A

It controls attention and processes information from the slave systems.

20
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

A subsystem of working memory that processes verbal information based on sounds.

21
Q

What is the word length effect?

A

Recall is poorer for longer words because they are harder to rehearse.

22
Q

What is boundary extension?

A

A phenomenon where people draw more of a scene than what was presented, adding details based on prior knowledge.

23
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

Implicit and explicit memory.

24
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Unconscious memory that is hard to verbalize, such as procedural memory for skills.

25
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Conscious memory that can be verbalized, including declarative memories.

26
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Personal memory for events that happened in the past.

27
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Abstract knowledge about the world, such as facts and general knowledge.

28
Q

What are the three distinct categories of long-term memory (LTM)?

A

The three distinct categories of LTM are episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory.

29
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory is the memory for personal events that happened in the past, allowing us to remember what, where, and when things happened.

30
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory is the abstract knowledge about the world, including names of things, people, and places.

31
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Procedural memory is the memory of how to do things.

32
Q

What did Loftus and Palmer’s 1974 experiment demonstrate about semantic memory?

A

It demonstrated that the wording of questions can bias eyewitness testimony, affecting the estimated speed of cars in a video based on the verbs used.

33
Q

What was the finding of Bower et al. (1969) regarding structured hierarchies?

A

Participants presented with words in structured hierarchies remembered significantly more words than those with randomly inserted words.

34
Q

What is the Collins and Quillian model of semantic memory?

A

It is a hierarchically structured model where concepts are stored as nodes connected by pathways, with properties associated with each concept.

35
Q

What is a major flaw of the original Collins and Quillian model?

A

It cannot account for typicality effects, where some category members are more typical than others.

36
Q

What is the spreading activation model?

A

The revised model of semantic memory where typical category members are connected via shorter links and atypical members via longer links.

37
Q

What did Meyer and Schveneveldt’s experiment demonstrate?

A

It showed that activation spreads through connected nodes in memory, leading to faster reaction times for associated words.

38
Q

What is episodic memory according to Tulving?

A

Episodic memory is the event engram, requiring the binding of separate presentations into a single unit, with the hippocampus being crucial for this binding.

39
Q

What did Miller et al. (2020) find regarding hippocampal damage?

A

Participants with hippocampal damage recalled less episodic detail about events compared to controls, except for childhood memories.

40
Q

What is the Levels of Processing theory?

A

It suggests that the strength of memory depends on the depth of processing during encoding, with deeper processing leading to stronger memory traces.

41
Q

What does Consolidation Theory propose?

A

It proposes that memory is encoded in the brain as engrams formed through biological changes, with connections between neurons strengthening over time.

42
Q

What did Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924) find about memory retention?

A

They found that memory performance was better after sleep than when awake, indicating that activity during the retention interval influences memory.

43
Q

What are the stages of memory?

A

Memory processes can be split into three components: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

44
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the memory of newer information.

45
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

Retroactive interference occurs when newly learned information interferes with the memory of previously learned information.

Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1503 (5 decks)

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