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Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1503 > Developmental > Flashcards

Developmental Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurons does the adult brain comprise?

A

The adult brain comprises of 80 billion neurons.

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2
Q

At what rate are neurons added during early embryonic life?

A

Neurons are added at a rate of 250,000 neurons/min.

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3
Q

What percentage of adult brain size is achieved by 2 years after birth?

A

Growth at 2 years after birth is 80% of the adult size.

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4
Q

How many other cells does a single neuron interact with on average?

A

A single neuron interacts with an average of 15,000 other cells.

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5
Q

What happens to the brain’s surface area from 5 to 9 months?

A

The brain at 5 months is quite smooth; by 9 months it starts growing the surface area.

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6
Q

What are the three parts of gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.

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7
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into?

A

The ectoderm becomes your CNS, PNS, and skin.

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8
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

The mesoderm develops into the skeletal system, muscles, and vascular region.

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9
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

The endoderm develops into the gut, lungs, and liver.

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10
Q

When does the neural tube start forming?

A

The neural tube starts forming at 4 weeks.

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11
Q

What does the neural tube form?

A

The neural tube forms the basis of the brain and spinal cord.

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12
Q

What develops from the rostral front part of the neural tube?

A

The rostral front part develops into 3 chambers that eventually become the ventricles.

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13
Q

What does the hindbrain form?

A

The hindbrain forms the cerebellum.

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14
Q

What are the three stages of neurodevelopment?

A

Neurogenesis, Neural migration, and Neural differentiation.

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15
Q

What happens during neurogenesis?

A

Progenitor (stem) cells divide by mitosis in the neural tube.

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16
Q

What is the process of neural migration?

A

Neurons migrate to the outside of the tube, guided by radial glia cells.

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17
Q

What occurs during neural differentiation?

A

Immature neurons differentiate into different types of specialized neurons.

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18
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

Over-production of synapses, redundancy, beginning from about 17 weeks after conception but mostly postnatal.

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19
Q

What is apoptosis in the context of neurodevelopment?

A

Clearing of neurons whose axons don’t find their targets, activated by genetic processes.

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20
Q

When does synapse reorganization occur?

A

Synapse reorganization occurs from 26 weeks until after birth.

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21
Q

What is myelination?

A

Myelination is produced by glial cells and involves a gradual increase in the myelin sheath surrounding the axons.

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22
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is packed into chromosomes in the nucleus of our cells and contains our genetic information

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23
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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24
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is an area of DNA which codes RNA.

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25
Q

What do genes code for?

A

Genes code proteins, not behavior.

26
Q

What are examples of genetically controlled characteristics?

A

Height and eye color.

27
Q

What are examples of environmentally controlled characteristics?

A

Religion and language skills.

28
Q

What are family studies in measuring heritability?

A

Histories recorded for family members compared as a function of relatedness.

29
Q

What are adoption studies?

A

Comparing twin pairs raised together and separated at birth to remove environmental factors.

30
Q

What are twin studies used for?

A

To assess heritability by comparing monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.

31
Q

What are genetic linkage studies?

A

Studies that require DNA collection to screen for regions associated with a disorder.

32
Q

What are brain tumors?

A

Abnormal growth of cells affecting normal functions.

33
Q

What are the two ways brain tumors affect normal functions?

A

Compression and infiltration.

34
Q

How are brain tumors graded?

A

Graded according to aggressiveness from 1 to 5 by the WHO.

35
Q

What are common symptoms of brain tumors?

A

Unexplained behavioral/psychiatric symptoms followed by neurological examination.

36
Q

How are brain tumors diagnosed?

A

Diagnosed with brain imaging, such as MRI or CT.

37
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A condition where blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or severely reduced.

38
Q

What are the types of strokes?

A

Haemorrhagic stroke, Ischemic stroke, and Transient ischemic attack.

39
Q

What are risk factors for stroke?

A

High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and family history.

40
Q

What are common symptoms of strokes affecting the frontal lobe?

A

Loss of flexibility in thinking, mood changes, sequencing problems, and inability to focus.

41
Q

What are symptoms of strokes affecting the temporal lobe?

A

Language problems, agnosia, and attention/memory problems.

42
Q

What are symptoms of strokes affecting the parietal lobe?

A

Alexia, agraphia, apraxia, and difficulties in hand-eye coordination.

43
Q

What are symptoms of strokes affecting the occipital lobe?

A

Color/motion blindness, prosopagnosia, visual field loss, and blindsight.

44
Q

What are symptoms of strokes affecting the cerebellum?

A

Dysergia, problems sequencing and coordinating rapid movement, and dysmetria.

45
Q

What is Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)?

A

A disease affecting those with repeated concussive or sub-concussive brain injuries.

46
Q

What are the characteristics of CTE?

A

Mood disorder, memory disturbances, behavioral changes, and dementia.

47
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

A

Injury caused by vehicle accidents, sports injuries, falls, and acts of violence.

48
Q

What are the two mechanisms of TBI?

A

Direct strike to the head or sudden acceleration/deceleration causing diffuse shear forces.

49
Q

What is Fragile X Syndrome?

A

The most common inherited form of intellectual disability.

50
Q

What are symptoms of Fragile X Syndrome?

A

Delayed speech, mild to moderate intellectual disability, ADHD symptoms, and seizures.

51
Q

What is Down Syndrome?

A

A chromosomal condition that occurs when there are 3 copies of chromosome 21.

52
Q

What are the effects of Down Syndrome?

A

Mild to moderate intellectual disability, delayed language, and a variety of birth defects.

53
Q

What is foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

A

A disorder caused by alcohol intake during pregnancy affecting 1 in 1000 lives.

54
Q

What are the effects of FAS?

A

Distinctive facial features, low height/weight, low brain volume, and brain damage.

55
Q

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

A diagnosis based on persistent deficits in social communication and restricted behaviors.

56
Q

What are genetic factors in Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

High heritability within symptom groups and complex multi-gene interactions.

57
Q

What environmental factors are associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A

Paternal age, toxin exposure, and maternal infection/autoimmune diseases.

58
Q

What genes are thought to be involved in autism?

A

Genes linked to GABA and oxytocin are thought to be involved in autism.

59
Q

What hampers research on autism?

A

Research is hampered by the very diverse aetiology of autism, leading to small and inconsistent sample sizes.

60
Q

What environmental factors are suggested to be linked to autism?

A

There are many suggested environmental factors with mixed evidence, such as gestational diabetes and birth order.

61
Q

What environmental factors have clearer evidence linked to autism?

A

Paternal age, toxin exposure, and maternal infection/autoimmune diseases have clearer evidence linked to autism.

62
Q

What neurological symptoms are associated with ASD?

A

ASD is associated with a range of neurological symptoms, including motor problems, sleep disorders, and epilepsy.

Bsc Psychology Year 1 PY1503 (5 decks)

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