Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

is the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

the process of transforming what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 5

Semantic encoding

Answer 5

The process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

Question 6

visual imagery encoding

Answer 6

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures

Question 7

organizational encoding

Answer 7

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items.

Question 8

mnemonics

Answer 8

Encoding strategies that improve subsequent retrieval.

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

Question 10

iconic memory

Answer 10

A fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 11

echoic memory

Answer 11

A fast-decaying store of auditory information.

Question 12

short-term memory

Answer 12

A type of storage that holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

Question 13

rehearsal

Answer 13

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.

Question 14

serial position effect

Answer 14

The observation that the first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.

Question 15

chunking

Answer 15

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

Question 16

working memory

Answer 16

Active maintenance of information in short-term storage.

Question 17

long-term memory

Answer 17

A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years.

Question 18

anterograde amnesia

Answer 18

The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.

Question 19

retrograde amnesia

Answer 19

The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery.

Question 20

consolidation

Answer 20

The process by which memories become stable in the brain.

Question 21

reconsolidation

Answer 21

The process whereby memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

Question 22

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 22

A process whereby repeated communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier.

Question 23

retrieval cue

Answer 23

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind.

Question 24

encoding specificity principle

Answer 24

The idea that a retrieval cue can be an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded.

Question 25

state-dependent retrieval

Answer 25

The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval.

Question 26

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 26

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match.

Question 27

retrieval-induced forgetting

Answer 27

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items

Question 28

explicit memory

Answer 28

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences.

Question 29

implicit memory

Answer 29

the influence of past experiences on later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection.

Question 30

procedural memory

Answer 30

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things.

Question 31

priming

Answer 31

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to that stimulus during an earlier study task.

Question 32

semantic memory

Answer 32

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

Question 33

episodic memory

Answer 33

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Question 34

transience

Answer 34

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

Question 35

retroactive interference

Answer 35

Situations in which later learning later impairs memory for information acquired earlier.

Question 36

proactive interference

Answer 36

Situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

Question 37

absentmindedness

Answer 37

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

Question 38

prospective memory

Answer 38

Remembering to do things in the future.

Question 39

blocking

Answer 39

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

Question 40

memory misattribution

Answer 40

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

Question 41

source memory

Answer 41

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.

Question 42

false recognition

Answer 42

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before.

Question 43

suggestibility

Answer 43

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

Question 44

bias

Answer 44

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.v

Question 45

persistence

Answer 45

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

Question 46

flashbulb memories

Answer 46

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events