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Paper one psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

coding

A

the format in which information is stored in the various memory store

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2
Q

research on coding

A

alan Baddeley-4 groups:
- semantically similar
- semantically dissimilar
- acoustically dissimilar
- acoustically similar
- recall immediately (STM) - bad with acoustically similar
- recall after 20 mins (LTM) - worse with semantically similar
- info coded semantically in LTM

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3
Q

capacity

A

amount of info that can be held in a memory store

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4
Q

research on capacity: digit span

A

Jacobs (1887) - researcher gives 4 digits, if ppt can recall all 4, researcher gives 5 digits..etc etc until ppt cant remember
- this = digit span
- mean digit span = 9.3
mean letter span = 7.3

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5
Q

research on capacity: span of memory and chunking

A
  • Miller (1956) - noted things come in 7’s
  • suggests capacity of STM = 7 +/- 2 items
  • miller noted ppl can recall 5 words as well as 5 letters
  • by chunking - grouping digits/letters into chunks
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6
Q

outline a limitation of Baddeleys study

A
  • artificial stimuli - so perhaps not representative/generalisable
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7
Q

outline a limitation of jacobs study

A
  • temporal validity - conducted a long time ago
  • however results have been confirmed by newer studies
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8
Q

outline a limitation of Millers research

A
  • may have overestimated capacity of STM
  • cowan (2001) - reviewed other research + concluded capacity STM =4 chunks
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9
Q

duration

A

the length of time information can be held in a memory store

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10
Q

Research on duration: Duration of STM

A
  • peterson + peterson - 24 undergrads
  • ppts in 8 trials
    -each trial ppt given consonant syllable (Trigram)
  • given 3 digit number
  • count backwards from no. (prevent rehearsal of Trigram)
  • on each trial, ppts told to stop at different times e.g. 6s, 12s etc
  • this= retention interval
  • suggests STM may have very short duration
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11
Q

research on Duration: Duration of LTM

A
  • Bahrick - 392 ppts(USA) age 17-74
  • recall tested in 2 ways:
  • (1) - photo recognition test consisting of 50 photos - some from ppts yearbooks
  • (2) - free recall test - ppts recalled names from graduating class
  • ppts tested in 15 years = 90% accurate
  • 48 yrs = recall at 70%
    free recall worse than photo recognition
  • LTM can last long time
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12
Q

outline a limitation for peterson and petersons study

A

meaningless stimuli - so lacks external validity

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13
Q

outline a strength for Bahricks study

A
  • higher external validity
  • real life meaningful memories were studied
  • however, confounding variables not controlled - ppts may look at yearbook every day
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14
Q

who created the multi store model for memory

A
  • Atkinson and Shiffrin
  • their model suggests memory is made up of 3 stores linked by processing
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15
Q

sensory register

A

The memory stores for each of our five senses
There are two main stores :
- Echoic memory (sound)
- Iconic memory (visually encoded)
- Duration = less than half a second
- capacity = high capacity

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16
Q

Short term memory (STM)

A
  • Limited capacity store (only contain certain number of things before forgetting)
  • Capacity = 7 +/- 2
  • coding = acoustically
  • duration = 30S unless rehearsed
17
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Occurs when we repeat material to ourselves over and over
If we rehearse enough, it passes into LTM

18
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

A

Potentially permanent memory store
- capacity = believed to be unlimited
- duration = very long time
- coding = semantic (terms of meaning)
Material stored in LTM when we want to recall, transferred back to STM
This process is retrieval

19
Q

Supporting research evidence for multi store model

A
  • major strength of MSM = supported by research studies
  • baddeley =  coding in STM = acoustic/ coding in LTM = semantic
  • shows they are different which supports MSM that both memory stores are independent
20
Q

Evaluation for MSM = There is more than one type of STM.

A
  • MSM states STM = unitary store
  • evidence from people suffering from Amnesia disprove this
  • shallice and Warrington - studied amnesia patient KF
  • KFs STM for digits was poor when they were read out to him but much better if he read them himself

Paper one psychology (4 decks)

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