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psychology paper 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the duration of short term memory?

A

18 seconds unless items are rehearsed done acoustically (sound)

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2
Q

What is the duration of long term memory?

A

forever if items are rehearsed (done semantically (have meaning)

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3
Q

What is coding?

A

how information gets stored

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4
Q

What is capacity?

A

how much information can be held in a store

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5
Q

What was Millers research on Capacity?

A

that the short term memory could remember 7 give or take 2, 5 words can be remembered as well as 5 letters.

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6
Q

Peter + Peterson STM experiment?

A

24 undergrad students given a constant syllable and 3 digit syllable to remember then asked to count back from 3 digit number till told to stop this prevents mental rehearsal

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7
Q

Duration of LTM Bahrick?

A

392 PPts 17-74 use high school year books, for photo recognition and free - recall to see what they remember
within 15 yrs of grad 90% on photo after 48 it was 70%
15 years free recall was 60% after 48 it was 30%

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8
Q

Limitation of Baddely study for STM?

A

he didn’t use meaningful material, words meant nothing to PPts people remember semantically better with meaningful information

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9
Q

Limitation of jacobs study?

A

done a long time ago so lack of extraneous variables.

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10
Q

Limitation of Millers STM study?

A

overestimated STM capcity, disproved by Cowan 2001 who said 4 chunks

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11
Q

Peterson + Peterson study limits?

A

artificial stimulus and lack of external validity?

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12
Q

Strength of Bahricks study?

A

high external validity as used real life memories,

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13
Q

What is a multi store model?

A

three stores of memory and how they work and how info goes from one to another and how it gets forgotten.

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14
Q

What is a sensory register?

A

memory stores for our five registers, Coding uses sensory, like visual, acoustic.

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15
Q

How does STM memory coding and what is duration?

A

acoustically, 18-30

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16
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

repeating over again and over again. rehearse it long enough passes it to long term.8

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17
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

What’s at the beginning of a list gets remembered better than what is at the end as the beginning gets rehearsed more.

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18
Q

A03 + on the Serial position effect?

A

High reliability
standardized procedures
supports Atkinsons STM theory

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19
Q

A03 - on Serial position effect?

A

lack of generalisability
lack of mundane realism

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20
Q

What is a + of the MSM?

A

supported by research of STM (acoustic) and LTM (semantic) memory and that they are different.

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21
Q

What is a limitation with MSM when using STM ?

A

there is more than one type of STM one for visual and one for auditory

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22
Q

How does rehearsal show an issue with MSM?

A

once again only explains for one type of rehearsal

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23
Q

What is the definition of episodic memory?

A

memory for events in our lives (wedding day)

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24
Q

What is the definition of procedural memory?

A

memory for how things are done (playing video games, typing)

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25
Q

What is the definition of semantic memory?

A

Knowledge of the world (encylcopaedia)

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26
Q

Who was Clive Wearing?

A

he had brain damage, specifcally he damaged the area responsible for episodic as he couldn’t remember long term an things he had experienced but could still play piano

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27
Q

What is a strength of episodic memory?

A

supported by Clive Wearing (who is he?)

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28
Q

What is a limitation with Tulvings approach?

A

may only be two types of LTM not his propesed 3 (semantic, procedural, episodic)

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29
Q

What is the working memory model?

A

Represents STM and proposes that short-term memory is made up of several different components that work together

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30
Q

What is the central executive?

A

Controls all parts of the memory in the working memory model

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31
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

process information in terms of sound, written and spoken, splits to phonological and articulatory process

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32
Q

What is the Visuo-Spatial Sketch pad

A

process visual and spatial (where things are) in a mental space called the inner eye.

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33
Q

What is the Episodic Buffer?

A

brings material from other systems together and makes a single system not multiple strands makes a bridge between working memory and long term.

34
Q

What is a positive of the Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad?

A

dual task performance studies like Baddeley found ppts doing two visual tasks had more difficulty then doing visual and verbal

35
Q

What do brain scans suggest about the Working Memory Model?

A

they support it seen by Braver as he had ppts do a CE task while having a brain scan in the prefrontal cortex and activity in this area increased as work became harder

36
Q

What is a limitation with the Working Memory Model and the Central Executive?

A

there is a lack of clarity and the CE doesn’t really explain everything.

37
Q

What is interference?

A

forgetting because on memory blocks another, causing one or both memories to be forgotten.

38
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

when old memories already stored disrupt recall of newer memories, typically because they are similliar

39
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

when new memories disrupt older memories, degree greater when memories are similiar

40
Q

What is interference theory?

A

person not able to recall or recognise something they have learnt, the theory came around in 20th century, when 2 pieces of info conflicting forgetting one or both.

41
Q

What is McGeoch and Mcdonald effects on similarity?

A

interference is worse when memories are similiar, studied retroactive material by changing similarity between two sets of material. ppts had to learn ten words with 100% accuracy then a new list

42
Q

How have real life studies supported interference?

A

Baddeley and Hitch - asked rugby players to recall names of teams they played each week by week in a season, didn’t matter how long ago game took place but how mnay games in meantime

43
Q

What is a limitation on interference?

A

use of artificial material as stimulus was usually lists of words not something consistent with real life

44
Q

What are cues?

A

things that serve as reminders, have to be meaningful and link to the material, can be mental or environemental.

45
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

occurs due to absence of cues, explains forgetting and issues that relate to not being able to retrieve a memory

46
Q

What did Tulving and Thomas say about retrieval failure in 1973?

A

a memory is most effective if info was present when encoding and when retrieving memories, closer the cue is the more useful if different could cause some information to be forgotten

47
Q

What did Godden and Baddeley 1975?

A

deep sea divers 4 tests land - land, underwater - land, underwater-underwater, land - underwater, recall, changed the location to see how it effected memory (carter and Cassady did this but on and off drugs in 1998)

48
Q

What did Godden and Baddeley find in their 1975 experiment?

A

accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions.

49
Q

What is a positive AO3 for retrieval failure?

A

the range of evidence reproduced as well with Gidden and Baddeley and Carter and Cassady

50
Q

What is a limitation of AO3 for retrieval failure?

A

context affects are not very strong in real life, different contexts have to very different for an effect is seen.

51
Q

What is an eye witness testimony?

A

a person who testifies in court and says what they saw

52
Q

What is a leading question?

A

gets a desired question out of people

53
Q

What is a post-event discussion?

A

conversation between co-witness or an interviewer and an eye witness after a crime has taken place may contaminate a witness’ memory for the event.

54
Q

What were Loftus and Palmers leading questions in 1974 procedure?

A

45 students shown 7 incident clips asked how fast they were given but given different verbs, leading question was to see how it affected what answer they gave.

55
Q

What did Loftus and Palmers find out about leading questions in 1974 procedure?

A

the different words that given changed how the speed they thought the car was going

56
Q

What did Loftus and Palmer find out in their 2nd experiment with leading questions?

A

asked if there was any broken glass and those who thought the car was going faster would assume there was broken glass

57
Q

What was Gabbers conformity effect?

A

PPts watch same event but from different perspectives so view unique items, pairs in a condition were encouraged to discuss the event before each person individually recalled the event 71% who discussed before recalled incorrectly

58
Q

What’s an issue with repeat interviews?

A

comments said by interviewer may become incorporated into the events

59
Q

What is a positive AO3 of research into misleading information?

A

real life applications, impractical use of EWT and interviewers which can cause inaccurate recalling abcked by Loftus showing in 1975 who proved police need to be careful how they phrase questions

60
Q

What is a limitation of Loftus and Palmers interviews?

A

use of artificial materials, very different from seeing real accident as less stressful

61
Q

What is a limitation of lab studies of EWT?

A

done in a lab so artificial but also creates demand characteristics as PPts want to act in a certain way so experiment goes how they assume experimenter wants it to. like replying yes to a question even though they didn’t and if the question has nothing to do with the scenario viewed.

62
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A state of emotional and physical arousal, worried thoughts and feelings of tension, increased heart rate and sweatiness, reaction to stressful situations and can affect EWT

63
Q

What is physiological arousal?

A

stops you paying attention to clues that are important making recall worse, weapon effect was used in the secnario.

64
Q

What was Johnson and Scott’s EWT experiment procedure?

A

led PPts believe they were going to be part of a lab study, Group 1) had them in a waiting room, heard a fight man left with pen and grease = low anxiety
Group 2) same arguement but broken glass and paper knife in blood in mans hands - high anxiety.

65
Q

What was Johnson and Scott’s EWT experiment findings?

A

man with grease and pen was 49% identified whereas man with pen had 33% idenitfication because of tunnel vision which is focus on a weapon

66
Q

What was the procedure for Yuille and Cutshalls experiment?

A

they looked at a real life shooting in Vancouver 21 EW and 13 took part, interviewed 4-5 months after and testimonies were compared with the original police interviews to see how they differed and asked how they felt on a 7 point scale

67
Q

What was the findings for Yuille and Cutshalls experiment?

A

most stressed PPts were more accurate about 88% less stressed were less accurate which were 75%

68
Q

What is a limitation of field studies?

A

the witnesses are interviewed a while after the event and many things happen in the meantime and may be affected by other witnesses or stuff in the news or social media

69
Q

What is a limitation of field studies?(issues)

A

ethical issues, rebring up a stressful/ high anxiety event which can be unethical as could bring psychological harm for the research

70
Q

What was a limitation of Johnson and Scotts study?

A

may test surprise not anxiety as ppts may be more surprised than scared if they saw a weapon Pickel did an experiment with different items and odd ones caused poorer recall

71
Q

What is a cognitive interview?

A

a way to interview more EW to help them retrieve more accurate memories has 4 main techniques 1) recall everything, 2)reverse the order, 3)change perspective 4)reinstate the context

72
Q

What was Fisher and Geiselman cognitive interview experiment procedure?

A

EWT could be improved if police used better techniques when interviewing

73
Q

What does report everything mean?

A

use every single bit of detail you remember everything matters as helps memory and may help with cues

74
Q

What does reinstate the context mean?

A

mentally recreate the physical and psychological environment of the original incident, aims to make memory more accessible

75
Q

What does reverse the order mean?

A

reverse the timeline in which the event occurred

76
Q

What does change perspective mean?

A

imagine how other EW may have seen what had happened

77
Q

How does a standard police interview go?

A

predetermined questions
leading questions
disrupts natural process

78
Q

How does a cognitive interview go?

A

open-ended questions
no leading questions
established eye contact
reducing eye witness anxiety
get witness to speak slowly
minimise distractions

79
Q

What is a strength of a Cognitive Interview?

A

each element is valuable, helps recall improve, all elements useful and should be sued equally even if its just two, got more correct information out of EW

80
Q

What is a limitation of a Cognitive Interview?

A

time consuming making police reluctant due to it taking much longer than a standard interview and requires special training

81
Q

What are the two other limitations with cognitive interviews?

A

an increase in unreliable information, increase useful too but also unreliable information. it is also more unreliable because of the variations of Cognitive Interviews use of different techniques own methods makes it difficult to draw conclusions.

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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