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psychology paper 1 > Attatchment > Flashcards

Attatchment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

when one person does something and another repeats the action to an extent.

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2
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

when two people interact and mirror what the other is doing, typically with facial and body movement

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3
Q

What is attatchment?

A

this is an emotional bond between two people, and it is done over a time and is a two way process.

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4
Q

What is caregiver?

A

Any person who is looking after or caring for a child.

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5
Q

What did Meltzoff and Moore do?

A

had an adult pull facial features to see how a 2-3 week old baby would react, to start with a dummy was in their mouth so they couldn’t react, then the dummy was removed and sequence was repeated and they filmed the expression ]. they saw an association between infant behaviour and that of the adult model

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6
Q

What 3 things are shown when there is attatchment?

A

Proximity
separation distress
a secure-base behaviour

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7
Q

what did Isobella find with her interactional synchrony test?

A

observed 30 mothers and found that the highest levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attatchment

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8
Q

Why is it good that Isobella used well-controlled procedures?

A

filmed mother infant interactions from multiple angles, babies can not change behaviour as do not know they are being recorded = good validity

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9
Q

how is it being hard to know what is happening when observing infants a limitation?

A

studies show many similiar patterns and is difficult to be sure and vertain why babies have acted in a certain way as can’t ask them.

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10
Q

Observations do not tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity a limitation?

A

synchonry means behaviour happens at same time also may not be sueful and have a purpose

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11
Q

What percentage of babies have an attatchment wth their fathers by 18 months?

A

75%

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12
Q

What type of study did Grossman do in 2002 and what did he findout?

A

a longitudinal study found out that fathers have a different tole in attatchment more so down to quality while mum is to do with how many attatchments there are.

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13
Q

What role do fathers play in attatchment with babies?

A

unless they are the primary caaregiver they provide a more playful and stimulising role.

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14
Q

Why is researchers being interested in different questions a limitation?

A

some look at fathers being primary or secondary attatchment figures, this is a limitation because it means that the role of he father can not be properly concluded

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15
Q

How does evidence undermiming the fathers distinct role cause a limitation?

A

Grossman found fathers provide stimulation and fun but McCallum and Golombook which found kids growing uup in same sex parets do not develop differently sowing fathers being a secondary attatchment figure is not important

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16
Q

why is research failing to provide clear answers about fathers and primary attatchment figures a limitation?

A

Could be due to traditional gender roles which makes fathers feel like they shouldn’t act in a nurturing way or due to women biology and hormones.

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17
Q

What is stages of attatchment?

A

Developmental theories which show how different ages develop and have different levels of attatchment as they age

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18
Q

What is multiple attatchments?

A

attatchments to two or more people, mainly occurs after babies form one main attatchment.

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19
Q

Who are Schaffer and Emerson?

A

They investigated the formation of early attatchment, their focus was on the age at which children developed their emotional intensity and who they became attatched to.

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20
Q

What experiment did Schaffer and Emerson do?

A

in Glasgow visted 6 babies every month for 1st year and again at 18 months and mothers questioned at what babies did when they left, sees infant attatchment

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21
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson find in infant attatchment?

A

at 40 weeks 80% of babies had specific attatchment and 30% had multiple
seperation anxiety was highest bewteen 25 and 32 weeks

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22
Q

What type of validity did Schaffer and Emerson have?

A

High external validity as down in families own home

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23
Q

What else was good about Schaffer and Emerson study?

A

it was longitudinal as same children and observed regularly

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24
Q

What was an issue with Schaffer and Emerson study?

A

sample size was all from same countty and city and is a small sample size

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25
Q

What is the first stage of attatchment and give a definition?

A

asocial stage - recognising carers and forming bonds begin

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26
Q

What is the second stage of attatchment and give a definition?

A

indiscriminate - more observant prefer people over objects

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27
Q

What is the third stage of attatchment and give a definition?

A

specific attatchment - attatched to primary caregiver

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28
Q

What is the fourth stage of attatchment and give a definition?

A

multiple attatchments - attatchments to people they regularly spend time with

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29
Q

issue with asocial stage?

A

how we study it as important interactions happen during this stage

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30
Q

Why is conflicting evicene on multiple attachment an issue?

A

not clear when multiple attachments happen and some countries have many people raising babies so have multiple attachments earlier or skip specific attatchment staged

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31
Q

What is a limitation on how multiple attachments are measured?

A

just because a bay is distressed when someone leaves doesn’t make them a true attatchment figure could be a playmate.

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32
Q

What did Lorenz research?

A

relationship of infant animals and mothers he looked at geese and imprenting, as when given a duck egg when it hatched it followed him around,

33
Q

What were the two groups in Lorenz research?

A

he had mixed up goose eggs and divided them some with mother some in an incudbator and both groups followed around what they saw first showing imprinting.
he found birds imprinting on humans had showed courtship to humans but if imprinted on birds showed courtship to birds

34
Q

What is a strength of imprinting?

A

lots of support like Guitton in 66 who had chicks imprint on yellow rubber gloves and they tried to have relations with yellow rubber gloves later on in life.

35
Q

Why have some of Lorenzs observations and conclusions been questioned

A

Guitton in 66 who had chicks imprint on yellow rubber gloves and they tried to have relations with yellow rubber gloves later on in life as with experience would mate with own kind

36
Q

Why can we not generalise?

A

humans and birda are not the same species which means what happens with brids may not happen with humans so we can not generalise his findings.

37
Q

What did Harlow do?

A

he looked at how monkeys looked at comfort and feeding he had a clothed mother for and wire mother which fed

38
Q

What did Harlow find?

A

baby monkeys cuddled more with clothed one and when scared went to clothed one despite which on dispensed milk showing comfort was also important

39
Q

What did Harlow find out about maternally deprived monkey?

A

more aggressive and less sociable, less likely to find mates and breed. deprived their own young and attacked and killed them in some cases.

40
Q

Why did Harlows research have theoretical value?

A

it helped shine some light on human standings and how comfort and feeding are both important

41
Q

Why did Harlwos research have practical value and real life application?

A

can be applied to all monkeys even the ones in cages and has helepd social workers understand neglect and abuse

42
Q

How did Harlow have ethical issues?

A

monkeys used suffered greatly, monkeys are somewhat similiar so can be more applied than geese so probably suffered quite human like.

43
Q

Can Harlows findings really be applied to humans?

A

while similiar to humans are not actually human so can be somehwat compared but we can not fully generalisng the findings.

44
Q

What did Dollard and Miller do?

A

looked at cupboard love and how important caregiver as a food provider

45
Q

What did Sears do in 1957?

A

said caregivers provide food and making the drive for hunger become a primary factor

46
Q

What is a limitation of learning theory?

A

ignores other factors of attatchment, quality of attachment is associated with reciprocity and best quality attachment is withsesnitive carers

47
Q

What is a strength of learning theory?

A

some elements of conditiong may be involved and many apsects of human developemnt are affected by conditioning

48
Q

What is monotropic?

A

a term used to describe bowlbys theory meaning one form of attachment is different from the rest

49
Q

What are internal working models?

A

representation of how we carry our attachment with our primary caregiver

50
Q

What is the critical period?

A

the period in which an attachment must be made

51
Q

What are social releasers?

A

are something a baby does that causes the adult system to activate

52
Q

What is bowlbys critical period?

A

2 years (actually a sensitive period)

53
Q

Whats a positive of the internal working model?

A

patterns of attachment go from one generation to the next, porved by Bailey et al studied 99 mothers with poor attachment to there mothers and most had poor attachment with their kids

54
Q

What is an issue with Bowlbys view on attatchment?

A

over emphasised as childs temprament can affect their development. The temperament can be an effect of their genetic make up

55
Q

What are the three types of attachment?

A

secure, insecure avoidant, insecure resistant

56
Q

What’s a strength of the strange situation?

A

attachment types help predict later success, secure - better at school, insecure-resistant - worse at school

57
Q

What is a limition of a strange situation

A

a culture bound test, as done with middle class people in USA could not be the same if done in countries with different culture and ways to raise children, like with high seperartion anxiety with kids and mothers in Japan

58
Q

What did Van Ijzendoor do?

A

looked at the proportion of secure, insecure-resistant and insecure-avoidant attachment in different countries

59
Q

What countries have the most secure, insecure resistant and insecure avoidant by Ijzendoor?

A

secure - Britain
insecure resistant - Israel
insecure avoidant - Germany

60
Q

What did Simonella?

A

look at attatchment types in Italy to see if they matched other studies. he found lower secure attatchment rates because of long working hours and use of childcare.

61
Q

What is a strength of meta analysis?

A

get a large sample size, meanign more comprisons and easier to make judgements

62
Q

What is a limitation with temprament?

A

Temprament affects the strange situation as if high stress is caused or baby feels abondoned could lead to them not wanting comfort depsite having secure attatchment.

63
Q

What is maternal deprivation?

A

emotional and intellectual seperation between a child and their mother
privation: failure to develop attatchment
deprivation: loss of damage to attachment

64
Q

What did Goldfarb find in 1947?

A

lower iq in children who had stayed in institutes compared to those who got fostered.

65
Q

What did Kerns find 1994?

A

kids who had good childhood attachment had the best quality childhood

66
Q

Myra-Wilson and Smith 1998?

A

they assessed attatchment type and bullying in 196 chidlren aged 7-11 from London secure chidlren unlikely involbved in bullying, insecure-avoidant - more likely to be bullied
insecure-resistant - more likely to be bullies

67
Q

Haan and Shaver love quiz?

A

secure 56%
avoidant 25%
resistant 19%
secure childhood more likely to have good and lasting romantic experiences

68
Q

What is a limitaion on the continuity of attatchment?

A

it is mixed, and internal working model that predicts that persons future relationship characteristics
Zimmerman found very little quality of infant adoloscence attatchment.

69
Q

what is a limitation behind association and causation?

A

alternative expkanations between what happens early on and llater on in life, childs temprament may affect quality and and attachment later on in relationships

70
Q

What are orphan studies?

A

a study on a child placed in care because parents died or have comletely abondoned them

71
Q

Rutters ERA study?

A

165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain to see how good care could make up for institutionalisation, development assessed at 4,6,11,15, physical, cognitive and emotional traits all assessed, 52 british kids adopted as a control group.

72
Q

Rutters ERA study findings?

A

half adoptees showed intelectual development and majority were undernourished, at 11 different rates of developemnt showed in relarion to when adopted
b4 6 monthd - iq - 102
6 monthd - 2 years - iq - 86
after 2 years - iq - 77
children adpted after 6 months showed disinhibted attachment

73
Q

What was the Bucharest Early Intervention project?

A

745 of control group were secure attached after strange situation, 19% of the instituational group were secure attatched 65% were disorganised attatched
disinhibited attahced were 44% of the instituational group opposed to less than 20% in control group

74
Q

How is important practical applications a strength of the romanian orphan study?

A

led to improvements in how care i instituions was, only have one or two key central worker allowing normal attatchments to be developed

75
Q

How is generalisability a weakness in the romanian orphan study?

A

orphanage conditons were so bad which may not reflect on the care given, poor standards of care especially when making attachment to other kids, unsual situation varaibales mean we can not generalise the findings

76
Q

what is affectionless psycopathy?

A

inability to feel guilt or strong emotion

77
Q

What did Bowlbys 44 thieves study find?

A

44 teenagers accused of stealing, wanted to see if there was guilt and how long they were seperated from mothers at start of life and how often.
14 were affectionless psycopaths and 12 were seperated from mothers
rest of the 30 only 5 had experienced seperation

78
Q

How is animal studies showing maternal deprivation a strength?

A

it shows that animals and humans can be evry similiar in some areas meaning where the two overlap some generelaisation can take place

79
Q

What is a limitation on Bowlbys 44 thieves?

A

counter evidence and research, Lewis re did it in 1954 but with 500 kids and found that early seperation did not predict crime or difficulty forming relartionships like Bowlby said it did

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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