Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Who did research into coding?

A

Baddely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did baddely find out about coding?

A

Acoustic in STM

Semantic in LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was baddelys procedure?

A

4 different groups

4 different conditions

PPS asked to recall lists of words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What was baddelys conclusion?

A

PPS did worse with acoustically similar words

If asked to recall 20 mins later PPS did worse with semantically similar words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Did baddely use artificial stimuli?

A

Yes

Word lists had no personal significance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Jacob’s find?

A

That mean digit span is 9.3 items

That mean letter span is 7.3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was Jacob’s experiment?

A

Asked PPS to recall 4 digits in the correct order then 5 etc etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did miller discover?

A

Noticed things come in sevens- led to him discovering chunking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does both Jacob’s and millers experiments lack?

A

Validity — could be extraneous variables such as distractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Counter evidence to miller?

A

Cowan estimated STM about 4 chunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Peterson discover?

A

STM duration is up to 18s without rehersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did bahrick find?

A

Yearbooks

Recognition of Faces 90% after 15 years, recall 60%

Recognition dropped to 70% after 48 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Disadvantage of Peterson’s experiment?

A

Meaningless stimuli (constant syllables)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Advantage of bahrick?

A

High external validity- meaning memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the multi store memory model? (MSM)

A

A representation of how memory works in terms of three stores: sensory register, STM, LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a sensory register?

A

The memory stores for each of our five senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is vision coded for? (Sensory register)

A

Iconic store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is hearing stored?

A

Echoic store

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory register

A

Huge (millions of receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the duration of the sensory register?

A

less than half a second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the capacity and duration for both echoic and iconic?

A

Brief duration and high capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do you get iconic and echoic stores to transfer to memory?

A

By paying attention to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In the main, how is STM coded for?

A

Acoustically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do you transfer info from STM to LTM?

A

By rehearsal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the capacity and duration of STM

A

Duration = 30ish seconds
Capacity = 5 ish items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the capacity and duration of LTM?

A

Unlimited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In the main, how is LTM coded for?

A

Semantically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is LTM created?

A

Through maintenance rehersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Supporting research for MSM?

A

Studies into coding, capacity and duration demonstrates differences between STM and LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Disadvantage of MSM?

A

More than one type of rehearsal- elaborative rehersal necessary for transfer to LTM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Is there more than one type of STM?

A

Yes- studies on amnesia show different STMs for visual and auditory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Events in our daily lives (‘diary’)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Memory for knowledge of the world- includes language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory for automatic and skilled behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are episodic, semantic and procedural memory types of?

A

LTM

36
Q

Evidence to support episodic, semantic and procedural memory?

A

Clive wearing & HM had damaged episodic memory but semantic and procedural was fine

37
Q

Evaluation of clinical evidence (eg. HM)

A

Case studies very individual so cannot generalise

38
Q

What did neuroimaging show about episodic and procedural memory?

A

Recalled from different parts of the prefrontal cortex

39
Q

Does long term memory study have real life application?

A

Yes

Training programmes for adults with mild cognitive impairment

40
Q

What is working memory model used for?

A

Dynamic processing in short term memory

41
Q

List the 4 parts of the working memory model

A

Central executive

Phonological loop

Visuo spatial sketchpad

Episodic buffer

42
Q

What is the central executives role in the WWM?

A

Coordinates slave systems and allocates resources

Limited storage

43
Q

What is the phonological loops role in the WWM?

A

Auditory info

Phonological store and articulatory process (maintenance rehearsal)

44
Q

What is the visuo spatial sketchpad’s role in the WWM?

A

Visual information

Visual cache (store) and inner scribe (spatial arrangement)

45
Q

What is the episodic buffers role?

A

Integrates processing of slave systems and records the order of events (linked to LTM)

46
Q

Disadvantage of the central executive?

A

Not yet fully explained, most likely has different components

47
Q

Support of WWM, dual task performance?

A

Difficult to do two visual tasks at a time, but one visual and one verbal is ok.

(Baddely et al)

48
Q

Clinical evidence for WWM?

A

KF had poor auditory memory but good visual memory

Damaged PL but VSS fine

49
Q

What are the two types of interference?

A

Proactive- old disrupt new

Retroactive- new disrupt old

50
Q

What did Mcgeroch and McDonald study?

A

Studied retroactive interference- by using 6 groups who had to recall 10 words

51
Q

What did McGeroch and McDonald find?

A

Recalling Similar words created more interference

52
Q

What is the supporting evidence for interference?

A

Baddely and hitch (rugby players recalling who they had played that season) supported interference

53
Q

Disadvantage of interference studies?

A

Artificial materials used (lists of words)

54
Q

What did lab studies show about interference?

A

These well controlled experiments showed interference

55
Q

What is the encoding specifics principle? (And who)

A

TULVING

Cues most effective if present at coding and at retrieval (meaningful link?)

56
Q

Who looked into context depending forgetting?

A

Godden and Baddely (deep sea divers)

Recall was much better when external contexts matched

57
Q

Who looked into state depending forgetting?

A

Carter and Cassiday

58
Q

What did carter and cassiday find?

A

(Anti-histamine)

Recall better when internal states matched

59
Q

What is the supporting evidence for retrieval failure theory?

A

Eyesnick claims retrieval failure is most important reason for LTM forgetting

60
Q

Disadvantage of Baddely research for retrieval failure?

A

No forgetting unless contexts are very different (land vs under water)n

61
Q

Recall vs recognition for retrieval failure?

A

A sense of cues affects recall but not recognition

62
Q

What did lotus and palmer investigate?

A

Estimating Car speeds affected by leading questions

63
Q

What did loftus and palmer find?

A

Verb smashed speed estimated = 40.5 mph

Verb contacted speed estimated = 32.8 mph

64
Q

Why do leading questions affect EWT?

A

Response bias- no change to memory

Substitution explanation supported by loftus and palmer- verb smashed PPS more likely to report seeing broken glass

65
Q

How does post event discussion affect eyewitness testimony?

A

Discussions contaminate eyewitness memory

Gabbert et al demonstrates effect, calls it memory conformity- NSI involved

66
Q

Disadvantage of the experiments conducted looking into misleading info for EWT?

A

Tasks are artificial

67
Q

Advantage of research into misleading information in EWT?

A

Real life application- help avoid miscarriages of justice by changing police interviewing

68
Q

What are the individual differences effects on Misleading info on EWT?

A

Age- older people may be less accurate because of own age bias

69
Q

Who did research into anxiety having a negative effect on EWT?

A

Johnson and Scott

70
Q

What did Johnson and Scott find?

A

(Weapon focus)

High anxiety knife condition led to less good recall

Tunnel theory of memory- focus on weapon mostly

71
Q

Who did research into anxiety has a positive effect on EWT?

A

Yuille and cutshall

72
Q

What did yuille and cutshall find?

A

(Shooting)

High anxiety associated with better recall when witnessing real crime

73
Q

Who explained contradictory findings for anxiety and EWT?

A

Yerkes- Dodson law suggests both low and high anxiety lead to poor recall

74
Q

Why might weapon focus not be important for EWT?

A

Pickle (raw chicken) showed that it may be surprise and therefore tells us nothing about effects of anxiety?

75
Q

What are the ethical issues surrounding anxiety and EWT?

A

Creating anxiety in lab studies may cause psychological harm

76
Q

Disadvantage of feild study (in link to anxiety and EWT)

A

Cannot control what happens to witnesses between the crime and the interview

77
Q

What are the 4 steps involved in the cognitive interview?

A

Report everything

Reinstate the context

Reverse the order

Change perspective

78
Q

What is happens in the report everything step?

A

Include every detail even unimportant events- interviewed shouldn’t interrupt

79
Q

What happens in reinstating the context?

A

Picture then scene and recall how you felt

Context-dependent forgetting

80
Q

What happens in reversing the order?

A

Recall from the end and work backwards

Disrupts expectations

81
Q

What happens in changing the perspective?

A

Put yourself in the shoes of someone else present

Disrupts schema

82
Q

What is the enhanced cognitive interview?

A

Adds social dynamics eg. Establishing eye contact

83
Q

Disadvantage of CI?

A

Takes longer and need special training

84
Q

Advantage of ECI?

A

Constantly produces more accurate recall than standard interview

85
Q

Disadvantage of CI? (Information)

A

Creates an increase in inaccurate information

Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions