Memory Flashcards
Who did research into coding?
Baddely
What did baddely find out about coding?
Acoustic in STM
Semantic in LTM
What was baddelys procedure?
4 different groups
4 different conditions
PPS asked to recall lists of words
What was baddelys conclusion?
PPS did worse with acoustically similar words
If asked to recall 20 mins later PPS did worse with semantically similar words
Did baddely use artificial stimuli?
Yes
Word lists had no personal significance
What did Jacob’s find?
That mean digit span is 9.3 items
That mean letter span is 7.3
What was Jacob’s experiment?
Asked PPS to recall 4 digits in the correct order then 5 etc etc
What did miller discover?
Noticed things come in sevens- led to him discovering chunking
What does both Jacob’s and millers experiments lack?
Validity — could be extraneous variables such as distractions
Counter evidence to miller?
Cowan estimated STM about 4 chunks
What did Peterson discover?
STM duration is up to 18s without rehersal
What did bahrick find?
Yearbooks
Recognition of Faces 90% after 15 years, recall 60%
Recognition dropped to 70% after 48 years
Disadvantage of Peterson’s experiment?
Meaningless stimuli (constant syllables)
Advantage of bahrick?
High external validity- meaning memories
What is the multi store memory model? (MSM)
A representation of how memory works in terms of three stores: sensory register, STM, LTM
What is a sensory register?
The memory stores for each of our five senses
Where is vision coded for? (Sensory register)
Iconic store
Where is hearing stored?
Echoic store
What is the capacity of the sensory register
Huge (millions of receptors)
What is the duration of the sensory register?
less than half a second
What is the capacity and duration for both echoic and iconic?
Brief duration and high capacity
How do you get iconic and echoic stores to transfer to memory?
By paying attention to
In the main, how is STM coded for?
Acoustically
How do you transfer info from STM to LTM?
By rehearsal
List the capacity and duration of STM
Duration = 30ish seconds
Capacity = 5 ish items
What is the capacity and duration of LTM?
Unlimited
In the main, how is LTM coded for?
Semantically
How is LTM created?
Through maintenance rehersal
Supporting research for MSM?
Studies into coding, capacity and duration demonstrates differences between STM and LTM
Disadvantage of MSM?
More than one type of rehearsal- elaborative rehersal necessary for transfer to LTM
Is there more than one type of STM?
Yes- studies on amnesia show different STMs for visual and auditory
What is episodic memory?
Events in our daily lives (‘diary’)
What is semantic memory?
Memory for knowledge of the world- includes language
What is procedural memory?
Memory for automatic and skilled behaviours
What are episodic, semantic and procedural memory types of?
LTM
Evidence to support episodic, semantic and procedural memory?
Clive wearing & HM had damaged episodic memory but semantic and procedural was fine
Evaluation of clinical evidence (eg. HM)
Case studies very individual so cannot generalise
What did neuroimaging show about episodic and procedural memory?
Recalled from different parts of the prefrontal cortex
Does long term memory study have real life application?
Yes
Training programmes for adults with mild cognitive impairment
What is working memory model used for?
Dynamic processing in short term memory
List the 4 parts of the working memory model
Central executive
Phonological loop
Visuo spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
What is the central executives role in the WWM?
Coordinates slave systems and allocates resources
Limited storage
What is the phonological loops role in the WWM?
Auditory info
Phonological store and articulatory process (maintenance rehearsal)
What is the visuo spatial sketchpad’s role in the WWM?
Visual information
Visual cache (store) and inner scribe (spatial arrangement)
What is the episodic buffers role?
Integrates processing of slave systems and records the order of events (linked to LTM)
Disadvantage of the central executive?
Not yet fully explained, most likely has different components
Support of WWM, dual task performance?
Difficult to do two visual tasks at a time, but one visual and one verbal is ok.
(Baddely et al)
Clinical evidence for WWM?
KF had poor auditory memory but good visual memory
Damaged PL but VSS fine
What are the two types of interference?
Proactive- old disrupt new
Retroactive- new disrupt old
What did Mcgeroch and McDonald study?
Studied retroactive interference- by using 6 groups who had to recall 10 words
What did McGeroch and McDonald find?
Recalling Similar words created more interference
What is the supporting evidence for interference?
Baddely and hitch (rugby players recalling who they had played that season) supported interference
Disadvantage of interference studies?
Artificial materials used (lists of words)
What did lab studies show about interference?
These well controlled experiments showed interference
What is the encoding specifics principle? (And who)
TULVING
Cues most effective if present at coding and at retrieval (meaningful link?)
Who looked into context depending forgetting?
Godden and Baddely (deep sea divers)
Recall was much better when external contexts matched
Who looked into state depending forgetting?
Carter and Cassiday
What did carter and cassiday find?
(Anti-histamine)
Recall better when internal states matched
What is the supporting evidence for retrieval failure theory?
Eyesnick claims retrieval failure is most important reason for LTM forgetting
Disadvantage of Baddely research for retrieval failure?
No forgetting unless contexts are very different (land vs under water)n
Recall vs recognition for retrieval failure?
A sense of cues affects recall but not recognition
What did lotus and palmer investigate?
Estimating Car speeds affected by leading questions
What did loftus and palmer find?
Verb smashed speed estimated = 40.5 mph
Verb contacted speed estimated = 32.8 mph
Why do leading questions affect EWT?
Response bias- no change to memory
Substitution explanation supported by loftus and palmer- verb smashed PPS more likely to report seeing broken glass
How does post event discussion affect eyewitness testimony?
Discussions contaminate eyewitness memory
Gabbert et al demonstrates effect, calls it memory conformity- NSI involved
Disadvantage of the experiments conducted looking into misleading info for EWT?
Tasks are artificial
Advantage of research into misleading information in EWT?
Real life application- help avoid miscarriages of justice by changing police interviewing
What are the individual differences effects on Misleading info on EWT?
Age- older people may be less accurate because of own age bias
Who did research into anxiety having a negative effect on EWT?
Johnson and Scott
What did Johnson and Scott find?
(Weapon focus)
High anxiety knife condition led to less good recall
Tunnel theory of memory- focus on weapon mostly
Who did research into anxiety has a positive effect on EWT?
Yuille and cutshall
What did yuille and cutshall find?
(Shooting)
High anxiety associated with better recall when witnessing real crime
Who explained contradictory findings for anxiety and EWT?
Yerkes- Dodson law suggests both low and high anxiety lead to poor recall
Why might weapon focus not be important for EWT?
Pickle (raw chicken) showed that it may be surprise and therefore tells us nothing about effects of anxiety?
What are the ethical issues surrounding anxiety and EWT?
Creating anxiety in lab studies may cause psychological harm
Disadvantage of feild study (in link to anxiety and EWT)
Cannot control what happens to witnesses between the crime and the interview
What are the 4 steps involved in the cognitive interview?
Report everything
Reinstate the context
Reverse the order
Change perspective
What is happens in the report everything step?
Include every detail even unimportant events- interviewed shouldn’t interrupt
What happens in reinstating the context?
Picture then scene and recall how you felt
Context-dependent forgetting
What happens in reversing the order?
Recall from the end and work backwards
Disrupts expectations
What happens in changing the perspective?
Put yourself in the shoes of someone else present
Disrupts schema
What is the enhanced cognitive interview?
Adds social dynamics eg. Establishing eye contact
Disadvantage of CI?
Takes longer and need special training
Advantage of ECI?
Constantly produces more accurate recall than standard interview
Disadvantage of CI? (Information)
Creates an increase in inaccurate information
