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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

Where a mother will respond to infant alertness

(Like a conversation)

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2
Q

When does reciprocity begin?

A

From 3 months close attention between mother and infant

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

Interactions become co-ordinated

(In sync)

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4
Q

What did Isabella et al say about interactional synchrony?

A

That the quality of attachment is related to synchrony

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5
Q

Disadvantage of caregiver infant interactions

A

Hard to know what is happening by observing simple gestures

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6
Q

What did Feldman say about purpose of caregiver interactions?

A

Just observations, the purpose is not entirely understood yet

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7
Q

Advantage of caregiver infant interaction experiments?

A

Highly controlled- capture fine detail of interaction

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8
Q

What did Grossman do research into?

A

The role of the father

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9
Q

What did Grossman find?

A

Attachment to fathers less important

Fathers play a different role (play and stimulation)

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10
Q

What did Feild say?

A

Fathers as primary caregivers adopt attachment behaviour more typical of mothers

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11
Q

Disadvantage of research into attachment figures

A

Inconsistent findings- overall picture unclear

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12
Q

Why are fathers not usually primary caregivers?

A

May be due to traditional roles or even biological differences

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13
Q

What would suggest fathers are not important?

A

Children without fathers are not different

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14
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson study?

A

Stages of attachment

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15
Q

What were Schaffer and Emersons aims?

A

Investigate the age of attachment formation and who attachments are formed with

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16
Q

What was Schaffer and Emersons method?

A

Mothers of 60 babies reported monthly on separation anxiety

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17
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson find?

A

Most babies showed attachment to a primary caregiver by 32 weeks and developed multiple attachments soon after this.

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18
Q

Advantage of Schaffer and Emersons study?

A

Good external validity- observations in PPS natural environment

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19
Q

Disadvantage of Schaffer and Emersons study?

A

Limited sample characteristics

All families from Glasgow- and over 50 yrs ago

So may lack generalisability

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20
Q

Why was the longitudinal design an advantage for Schaffer and Emerson’s?

A

Same PPS observed at each age, eliminating individual differences as a cofound.

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21
Q

What were the 4 stages of attachment identified by Schaffer and Emerson?

A

Asocial stage

Indiscriminate attachment

Specific attachments

Multiple attachments

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22
Q

What was observed in the asocial stage?

A

Little observable social behaviour

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23
Q

What was observed in the indiscriminate attachment stage?

A

More observable attachment behaviour, accept cuddles from any adult

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24
Q

What was observed at the specific attachment stage?

A

Stranger anxiety and separation anxiety in regard to one particular adult

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25
Q

What was observed at the multiple attachment stage?

A

Attachment behaviour directed towards more than one adult (secondary attachments)

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26
Q

Evaluation of the asocial stage

A

Social behaviour is hard to observe in the first few weeks but this doesn’t mean the baby is asocial

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27
Q

Disadvantage of measuring multiple attachments

A

Just because a child protests when an adult leaves does not necessarily mean attachment

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28
Q

What is the conflicting evidence linked to Schaffer and Emersons stages of attachment research?

A

Van LJzendoorn: research in different cultural context found that multiple attachments may appear first

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29
Q

What did Lorenz do research on?

A

Baby Gozlings

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30
Q

What was Lorenzes procedure?

A

Split a group of gozling eggs in half

Half hatched under a lamp

Half hatched with Lorenz as the first moving thing

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31
Q

What did lorenz find?

A

Newly hatched chicks attach to the first moving object the see (imprinting)

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32
Q

What is sexual imprinting?

A

Adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they initially imprinted on (someone tested it with rubber gloves) LOL

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33
Q

Disadvantage of Lorenzes research?

A

Lacks generalisability as birds and mammals have different attachment systems

Lorenz not relevant to Humans

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34
Q

What did Guiton find (conflicting on Lorenz)

A

Found that birds whom initially imprinted on rubber gloves later preferred their own species

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35
Q

Who did Harlow do research on?

A

Baby monkeys

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36
Q

What was Harlow’s procedure?

A

Baby monkeys put in a cage with one wire mother covered in a towelling cloth, and one wire mother with a feeding bottle attached.

The monkeys were then scared by the experimenter.
Time spent on each mother was recorded

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37
Q

What did Harlow find?

A

Monkeys clung to cloth surrogate rather than the wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk

38
Q

What happened to these maternally deprived monkeys?

A

Grew up socially dysfunctional eg. Killed offspring

39
Q

How long was the critical period?

A

After 90 days attachments wouldn’t form :(

40
Q

What did Harlows research demonstrate?

A

Attachment depends more on contact comfort than food :)

41
Q

How can Harlows research help social workers?

A

Howe:

Helps them understand the risk factors for child abuse

42
Q

What ethical issues are associated with Harlows research?

A

Suffering of monkeys will be human like

43
Q

Explain classical conditioning in link to attachment

A

Caregiver (NS) associated with food (US)

Caregiver becomes (CS)

44
Q

Explain operant conditioning in link to attachment

A

Crying behaviour reinforced positively for infant and negatively for caregiver

45
Q

What does secondary drive mean in link to attachment?

A

Attachment becomes a secondary drive through association with hunger

46
Q

How can animal research disprove learning theory?

A

Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not key to the attachment

47
Q

How does Schaffer and Emerson disprove learning theory?

A

Most primary attachment figures were the mother even if they didn’t do the feeding

48
Q

Disadvantage of learning theory as an explanation for attachment

A

Cannot account for the importance of sensitivity and interactional synchrony

49
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?

A

Monotropy

50
Q

What is monotropy?

A

One particular attachment is different in quality and importance than others

51
Q

What did bowlby say about social releases and the critical period?

A

Innate cute behaviours in the first two years

52
Q

What was bowlbys internal working model?

A

Mental representations of the primary attachment relationship are templates for future relationships

53
Q

What is the mixed evidence for monotropy? (2)

A

Some babies form multiple attachments without a primary attachment

Suess et al— other attachments might contribute as much as primary one

54
Q

What is the support for social releases?

A

Brazelton et al— when social releases ignored babies upset

55
Q

What is the support for the internal working model?

A

Bailey et al— quality of attachments is passes on through generations

56
Q

What did ainsworth create?

A

The strange situation

57
Q

What was the procedure for the strange situation?

A

7- controlled observations which assessed proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety and response to reunion

58
Q

What did Ainsworth find in the strange situation?

A

Infants showed consistent patterns of attachment behaviour

59
Q

What were the three types of attachment Ainsworth discovered?

A

Insecure avoidant (A)

Secure attachment (B)

Insecure resistant (C)

60
Q

Was Ainsworths study reliable?

A

Yes

Different observers agree 90%+ of the time children’s attachment types

61
Q

What is the support for Ainsworths study?

A

Attachment type predicts later social and personal behaviour eg. Bullying

(More valid)

62
Q

How does the strange situation vary across cultures?

A

Attachment has different meanings in different cultures so the strange situation may be measuring different things.

63
Q

What did Ljzendoorn do?

A

Compared rates of attachment type in 8 countries

Found wide ranges of attachment types across countries

64
Q

What did Simonella et al do?

A

Looked into Italian attachment types and said that they have changed over time and suggested that it could be to do with changing practices

65
Q

What did Jin et al do?

A

Looked into Korean attachment rates found it was similar to japan

Could be to do with similar child rearing styles

66
Q

What is the conclusion of cultural variations in attachment?

A

Appears attachment is innate and universal

secure attachment is the norm

Cultural practices effect rates of attachment types

67
Q

Why is using the strange situation in different cultures biased?

A

Research using the strange situation imposes a USA test on other cultures

68
Q

Advantage of the cultural variation studies?

A

Large samples used

Reduces impact of anomalous results- to improve internal validity

69
Q

Disadvantage of the cultural variation studies?

A

Unrepresentative of culture

Countries do not equal culture—- cannot generalise

70
Q

What was bowlbys other theory?

A

Maternal deprivation

71
Q

How does separation lead to deprivation?

A

Physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loosed emotional care

72
Q

What did bowlby say about the critical period?

A

First 30 months are critical and deprivation in that time causes damage

73
Q

What did Goldfarb say about deprivation?

A

Deprivation causes low IQ

74
Q

What did bowlby say you can become when maternally deprived?

A

Affectionless psychopath

75
Q

Describe Bowlbys 44 thieves study?

A

44 criminal teenagers were interviewed for signs of affection-less psychopathy. Families were also interviewed to identify whether the thieves has prolonged early separation.

Control group of non criminals but emotionally disturbed individuals set up.

76
Q

Describe the results of the 44 thieves study

A

14 of the 44 thieves were AP, of this 14, 12 had experienced prolonged separation.

Out of the 30 remaining thieves only 5 had experienced prolonged separation.

Control group— 2/44 experienced prolonged separation

77
Q

Why might bowlbys evidence be poor? (Mat dep)

A

Orphans have experienced other traumas

Bowlby may have been a biased observer

78
Q

What is the counter evidence for bowlby? (Mat dep)

A

Lewis— sample of 500, no link between early separation and later criminality

79
Q

Disadvantage of bowlby and the critical period?

A

Bowlby exaggerated the importance of the critical period

80
Q

Describe Rutters English and Romanian adoptee study

A

165 orphans adopted in Britain

Some of those adopted later show low IQ and disinhibited attachment

81
Q

Describe the Bucharest early intervention project

A

Random allocation to institutional care or fostering.

Secure attachment in 19% of institutional group vs 74% of controls

82
Q

What are the effects of institutionalisation?

A

Disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if institutionalisation is prolonged

83
Q

Does the Romanian orphan studies have a real life application?

A

Yes

Both institutional care and adoption practice have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans

84
Q

Can we generalise the Romanian orphan studies?

A

No

Conditions were so bad that results may not generalise to better institutions

85
Q

Why are there fewer extraneous variables on the Romanian orphans study?

A

Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation than eg. War orphans

86
Q

What did kerns say about the influence of early attachment on later childhood relationships?

A

Securely attached children have better friendships

87
Q

What did Myron-Wilson and Smith say about the influence of early attachments on later childhood relationships?

A

Securely attached children less likely to be involved in bullying

88
Q

What did McCarthy say about the influence of early attachments on relationships with romantic partners?

A

Securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners.

89
Q

What did Hazan and Shaver say about the influence of early attachments on later relationships?

A

Secure responders had batter and longer lasting relationships, avoidant responders had fear of intimacy

90
Q

What did bailey et al say about the influence of early attachment on parental relationships?

A

Mothers attachment type matched that of their mothers and babies

91
Q

What did Zimmerman find?

A

Found little relationship between quality of attachment and later attachment

92
Q

List 2 Disadvantages of the research into the effect of the IWM?

A

A third factor like temperament might affect bath infant attachment and later relationships

Low validity— uses retrospective self report which lacks validity

Psychology (7 decks)

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