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Psychology Paper 1 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Research on capacity of STM

A

Miller-
Digit span technique
- strings of unrelated digits that increased by one each time, measured until ppts could no longer recall correctly
- could recall 5-9 items
LIMITED

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2
Q

Research on Coding of STM

A

Baddeley-
- showed ppts list of words in 4 categories, acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar
asked to recall immediately after
STM codes acoustically

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3
Q

Research on coding of LTM

A

Baddeley-
showed ppts list of 4 words
asked to recall 20 mins after presentation
LTM codes semantically

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4
Q

Research on duration of STM

A

Peterson and Peterson-
24 undergrad students
- briefly presented with consonant triagram to remember and given 3 digitnumber to count backwards from, stopped at different intervals and asked to recall
- info lasts 18-30 secs unless rehearsed

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5
Q

Research on duration of LTM

A

Bahrick-
392 american high school grads aged 17 and 74 on memory of former classmates
condition 1- recall using photo yearbook
condition 2- recall with no photo cue
condition 1- 70% recalled
condition 2- 30% recalled
- potentially a lifetime

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6
Q

AO3 duration in STM

A
  • lacks mundane realism
  • task is artificial
  • difficult to generalise
    -lowering external validity
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7
Q

AO3 coding of LTM

A
  • high control over extraneous variables
    controlled setting
    -can establish cause and effect
  • increasing internal validity
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8
Q

AO3 capacity of STM

A

-high reliability
- controlled environment
-can be repeated in same conditions to check for consistent results

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9
Q

Multi- store Model AO1

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin
- describes how info flows through memory
- structural model
-separate unitary stores, info flows through in a linear way

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10
Q

Multi store model AO3

A

RTS
Baddeley- seperate unitary stores
Clive Wearing- amnesia cannot transfer from STM to LTM - seperate unitary stores
–low population validity

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11
Q

Types of LTM- Procedural

A

Procedural- knowing how
- motor skills, eg riding a bike
- non declarative, do not involve conscious recall
- Cerebellum and Motor Cortex

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12
Q

Types of LTM- Semantic

A

Semantic- knowing that
- storing knowledge about the world
- meaning of words, facts
-declarative, involve conscious recall
- not time stamped
-Temporal Lobe

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13
Q

Types of LTM- Episodic

A

Episodic
- info about events
-declarative, involve conscious recall
- time stamped
-Hippocampus

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14
Q

Types of LTM AO3

A

RTS- Clive Wearing, episodic memory damaged, procedural memory working
low population validity
- scientific methods
objective and empirical techniques eg brain scans

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15
Q

Working memory model AO1

A

Baddeley and Hitch - STM has several different stores, which are connected but work independently as an active processor

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16
Q

WMM- Central executive AO1

A

attentional process, monitors incoming data and decides what needs to be done and delegates tasks accordingly
can code any info, limited capacity

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17
Q

WMM- Phonological loop

A

Auditory info passed from CE
Baddeley further subdivided-
phonological store- stores words we hear- inner ear
articulatory loop- silently rehearses words- inner voice

18
Q

WMM- visuo spatial sketchpad

A

visual info passed from CE
- sets up mental images, used when planning spatial tasks eg directions
temporarily stores visual and spatial info
Visual cache- stores visual data
Inner scribe- records arrangements of objects in visual field

19
Q

WMM- Episodic Buffer

A

Collects and combines info from CE, PL and VSS to record an event
EB transfers info to LTM and retrieves info from LTM to STM
-limited capacity, can store any info

20
Q

WMM AO3

A

RTS- Shallice and Warrington
- patient KF, suffers amnesia
- recall was poor when digits were read aloud, better when he could see them
-must be different stores
-low population val
Dual task performance

21
Q

Explanations for forgetting- Interference theory

A

two lots of info, coded at different times becoming confused in LTM, most likely when info is similiar
2 types- proactive and retroactive

22
Q

Explanations for forgetting- Interference theory- Proactive interference

A

past info stored disrupts recall of new info
eg memory of old phone number means you forget new number

23
Q

Explanations for forgetting- Interference theory- Retroactive interference

A

recent info stored disrupts recall of past info
eg new car reg means you forget previous reg

24
Q

Interference theory AO3

A
  • lacks mundane realism
25
Q

Explanations for forgetting- retrieval failure due to absence of cues

A

forgetting occurs when info is still in LTM but cant be accessed due to lack of memory cues
- context dependent forgetting
- state dependent forgetting

26
Q

Explanations for forgetting- retrieval failure- context dependent forgetting

A

forgetting occurs due to a lack of external cues to trigger recall
- environment different at recall to when info was coded
eg forgetting info when sitting an exam in a diff classroom to where they learned the info

27
Q

Explanations for forgetting- retrieval failure- state dependent forgetting

A

forgetting occurs due to a lack of internal cues to trigger recall
-internal physical or emotional state is different at recall to when info was coded
eg may forget dance routine on stage because they are anxious but when they learned it they was calm

28
Q

Retrieval failure AO3

A
  • lacks mundane realism
  • prac apps- context reinstatement, used by police in cognitive interview
29
Q

Factors affecting EWT

A

Misleading info: leading questions, post event discussion
Anxiety

30
Q

Factors affecting EWT_ misleading info

A

Leading questions
- question which wrongly implies something about an event or crime
eg what colour was the youths jacket
Contaminates witness memory and witnesses recall inaccurate info

31
Q

Leading questions

A

Loftus and Palmer
all ppts shown a video of a car crash and each group asked a question with a different verb
-smashed, hit, bumped, collided, contacted
-ppts guessed a higher mean speed when they had smashed (40.5mph) compared to contacted (31.8mph)

32
Q

Leading questions AO3

A

-prac apps
improvements in CJS, developed cog interview
-lacks mundane realism
artificial task

33
Q

Misleading info- post event discussion

A

where witnesses of an event discuss their accounts with each other
- Memory contamination- EWT becomes altered as they combine info
-Memory conformity- witnesses go along with each other to win social approval (NSI) or because they believe the other is right (ISI), memory is unchanged but accuracy of recall is affected

34
Q

Post event discussion AO3

A

RTS - Skagerberg and Wright
shown ppts clip of a mugging, one where muggers hair was dark brown, other was light brown
discussed clips, ppts reported the mugger having ‘medium brown hair’
- Demand Characteristics

35
Q

Factors affecting EWT- Anxiety

A

strong, emotional and physical state which affects EWT
- witnesses only focus on certain aspects of the event, recall is limited

36
Q

Anxiety

A

Johnson and Scott
High anxiety condition- weapon focus - heard an argument with sound of breaking glass, man walks out holding bloody knife
Low anxiety condition- heard argument from room, man walks out holding a pen with grease on hands
Low anxiety- correctly identified 49% of time
High anxiety- correctly identified 33% of time

37
Q

Anxiety AO3

A

RTS- Valentine and Mesout
RTC- Christianson and Hubinette
-bank robbery

38
Q

Improving accuracy of EWT- Cognitive Interview

A

Fisher and Geiselman
- Recall Everything
- Context Reinstatement
- Recall in Reverse
- Recall from changed perspective

39
Q

Cognitive Interview- Recall Everything

A

witness asked to report all details of event, even if it seems irrelevant
- act as a trigger to memory and additional info
‘start from beginning, what happened the morning of’

40
Q

Cognitive interview- Context reinstatement

A

witness asked to mentally place themself back at the scene of the event, imagine the environment
-using context and state dependent cues to trigger memories
‘close your eyes what do you see, whats the weather..’

41
Q

Cognitive Interview- Recall in Reverse

A

witness asked to report what happened in a different chronological order
-prevents witnesses reporting a schema
‘tell us what happened from when you entered the bank’

42
Q

Cognitive Interview- Recall from changed perspective

A

witness asked to recall incident from another persons perspective who witnessed the crime
- prevents reporting schema
‘imagine your the bank robber… what do you see’

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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