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Psychology Paper 1 > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Define attachment

A

Emotional link between infant and caregiver, each seek closeness and feel more secure when in presence of attachment figure
Interactions between caregiver and infant is when attachment starts

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2
Q

Caregiver - Infant interactions (Feature 1)

A

Interactional Synchrony
- caregiver and infant respond in time to keep communication going
eg infant smiles, caregiver smiles back
Meltzoff and Moore-controlled obs of 42 week old infants. An adult displayed one of three facial expressions or gestures- mouth opening or tongue protrusion
Childs response filmed, link found

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3
Q

Caregiver- Infant interactions (Feature 2)

A

Reciprocity
two way mutual process, infant and caregiver take in turns to respond to each others behaviours
behaviour of each party elicits a response from the other
Infants have ‘alert phases’
Frazleton- dance

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4
Q

Caregiver- Infant Interactions AO3

A
  • lacks ecological validity
    controlled environment, cannot generalise, lowers external val
  • high control over extraneous variables
    -prac apps
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5
Q

Research into stages of attachment

A

Schaffer and Emerson
- longitudinal study of 60wc new born infants and mothers
-visited in their own homes every month for first year of infants life and again at 18 months
-observations and interviews used
- Seperation Anxiety- infant left alone in room
- Stranger Anxiety- researcher starting each visit by approaching infant

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6
Q

Stages of attachment research findings

A

1) Asocial (first few weeks) infants behaviour to adults and objects was similar
2) Indiscriminate (2-7months) infants show preference to people over objects, do not show sep or stranger anxiety
3) Specific (7months) infants start to form attachments and show sep and stranger anxiety
4) Multiple (within 1 month of forming specific attachment) 29% form multiple, by 18 months 75% of children had attachment with father

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7
Q

Stages of attachment AO3

A
  • high ecological validity
  • prone to social desirability bias
  • culture bias
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8
Q

Role of Father Research

A

Grossman
-longitudinal study looking at parents behaviour and quality of childrens attachment into teens
- quality of infants attachment with mothers, not fathers was related to childs attachment in adolescents
- quality of fathers play was related to quality of childs adolescent attachement
fathers role more to do with play and stimulation

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9
Q

Role of father contradictory research

A

Field
-filmed 4 month old infants in face to face interactions with primary caregiver mothers, primary caregiver fathers and secondary caregiver fathers
- Primary caregiver fathers, like mothers spent more time smiling, imitating and comforting infants
- key to attachment is level of responsiveness, not the gender

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10
Q

AO3 role of father

A

Fields research- prac apps
Grossmans- biological basis to support

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11
Q

Animal studies of attachment- Lorenz (geese)

A
  • investigate effects of imprinting
    -Lorenz randomly divided eggs, half hatched with mother in natural environment, other hatched in incubator where they first see Lorenz
    Once hatched, they were mixed up and Lorenz observed who they followed
    Incubator group- imprinted on and followed Lorenz, Control- imprinted on and followed mother goose
    Critical period of 12- 17 hours
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12
Q

Lorenz AO3

A
  • animal bias
  • researcher bias
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13
Q

Animal studies of attachment- Harlow (monkeys)

A

cages contained surrogate mothers
wire mother with milk (food)
cloth mother without milk (comfort)
- amount of time spent with each was recorded
- frightened with a loud noise to see who they go to
- long term effects recorded
– spent more time with cloth than wire
– when frightened go to cloth
– monkeys later in life had emotional damage, difficulty mating and became inadequate mothers

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14
Q

Harlow AO3

A

-animal bias
- ethical issues

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15
Q

Explanations of attachment- Learning theory (classical conditioning)

A

Milk- UCS
UCR- Pleasure
Response is automatic
NS- Feeder
through repetition of feeding, infant associates feeder with food and pleasure
Feeder- CS
CS- Pleasure

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16
Q

Explanations of attachment- Learning theory (operant conditioning)

A
  • learning through rewards, reinforcements and punishments
    Positive Reinforcement- rewarded for behaviour, repeat to gain same reward
    Negative Reinforcement- doing a behaviour avoids negative consequence, repeat to avoid again
    Punishment- punished, behaviour will stop

Infant is hungry and cries– food
- positive reinforcement
Feeds infant, crying stops
- negative reinforcement

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17
Q

Explanations of attachment AO3

A
  • criticised for environmental reductionism, reduces comples human behaviour
    RTC- Harlow
    RTC- Schaffer and Emerson- infancts form attachments to mother regardless of who fed them
18
Q

Explanations of attachment- Bowlbys monotropic theory (ASCMI)

A
  1. Adaptive
  2. Social Releasers
  3. Critical Period
  4. Monotropy
  5. Internal Working Model
19
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory- Adaptive

A

Attachment is an innate system (internal), inherited in order to improve survival, is adaptive
Infants are born ‘programmed’ to attach, and parents are also ‘programmed’ to attach

20
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory- Social Releasers

A

Infants born with social releasers such as smiling, crying and looking ‘cute’, triggers a response in caregiver and ensures interaction takes place to form an attachment

21
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory- Critical Period

A

Biological period
if an attachment doesnt take place during set developmental period of the first 2.5 years of life, may not take place at all

22
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory- Monotropy

A

childs attachment to one caregiver
most important attachment in childs development
Bowlby said this is the mother, doesnt have to be biological mother

23
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory- Internal Working Model

A

mental representation the child forms of their relationship with primary caregiver
Model for what relationships will be like- expectations
Secure attachment- positive internal working model
Insecure attachment- negative internal working model

24
Q

Bowlbys monotropic theory AO3

A

RTS- Lorenz, critical period
RTS- Hazan and Shaver, IWM
alternative explanation- learning theory

25
Q

Influence of IWM on childhood relationships

A

Child has secure attachment- better quality relationship with peers
Insecure attachment- likely to have difficulties making friends
Smith et al- insecure avoidant- most likely victims of bullying
insecure resistant- most likely to be bully

26
Q

Influence of IWM on adult romantic relationships

A

Hazen and Shaver - questionnaire, Love Quiz, printed in newspapers to study a adult attachment and early attachment

56% of ppts securely attached- positive and long lasting relationships with partners they can trust
25% of ppts insecure avoidant as children, had more feelings of jealousy and feared intimacy
19%- insecure resistant as children, fear being abandoned and put too much pressure on partner

27
Q

Influence of IWM on relationships with own children

A

people base parenting style on their internal working model, attachment passed on through family generations
Bailey et al- mothers tend to have same attachment style with their child as they did with their own mother

28
Q

Influence of IWM AO3

A

RTS- Harlow - negative early attachment, led to negative later relationships
- deterministic

29
Q

Ainsworth Strange Situation

A

Four variables via two way mirror
1) Willingness to explore environment
2) Separation Anxiety
3) Stranger Anxiety
4) Reunion behaviour

Procedure-
1. Parent enters room with child, child explores for 3 mins
2. Stranger enters and tries to interact with child
3. Parent leaves infant with stranger
4. Parent returns and stranger leaves
5. Parent leaves child alone
6. Stranger returns
7. Parent returns, stranger leaves

Secure- 70%
Insecure av- 20%
Insecure res- 10%

30
Q

Ainsworth Strange Situation Findings

A

Secure attachment-
Willing to explore- uses mother as secure base
Upset when mother leaves
Avoidant of stranger but friendly when mother present
Happy when mother returns

Insecure avoidant-
Willing to explore
Unconcerned by mothers absence
Avoidant of mother and stranger
Unresponsive when returned

Insecure resistant-
Low willingness to explore
Intensely distressed when mother left
Extreme fear of stranger
Clinginess mixed with rejection

31
Q

Ainsworth strange situation AO3

A
  • lacks ecological validity
    -high in reliability
32
Q

Cultural variations in attachment

A

Van Ijzendoorn- 32 studies of strange situation from 8 countries using around 2000 children
meta analysis

MOST COMMON
Secure- UK 75%
Insecure avoidant- Germany 35%
Insecure resistant- Israel 29%
LEAST COMMON
Secure- China 50%
Insecure avoidant- Japan 5%
Insecure resistant- UK 3%

33
Q

Cultural variations in attachment AO3

A

-high population validity
- lacks ecological validity

34
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation

A

Extended periods of separation during critical period, where element of care is lost- psychological damage is inevitable and irreversible
Intellectual Damage- cognitive impairment, intellectual delay, low IQ
Emotional Damage- affectionless psychopathy, inability to feel guilt or strong emotion for others- associated with criminality

35
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation AO3

A

RTS- Bowlby 44 juvenile thieves, affectionless psychopathy
Practical applications- hospitals allowing overnight stays with infants

36
Q

Effects of institutionalisation

A
  1. Reactive attachment disorder
  2. Disinhibited attachment
  3. Cognitive impairment
37
Q

Effects of institutionalisation- Reactive attachment disorder

A

Extreme lack of sensitive responsiveness from parent in early life, grow up unable to trust or love others, become isolated and selfish and unable to understand needs of others, sociopathic, lack remorse

38
Q

Effects of institutionalisation- Disinhibited attachment

A

Children select attachment figures indiscriminately, behave overly familiarly with strangers
Caused by long periods of institutionalised care, having to adapt to multiple caregivers
Other behavioural disorders, attention seeking

39
Q

Effects of institutionalisation- Cognitive impairment

A

Delay in intellectual development, low IQ, problems with concentration, difficulty learning new concepts and behaviours

40
Q

Rutter et al Romanian orphan studies

A

Studied 3 groups
1. adopted before the age of 6 months
2. adopted between 6 months and 2 years
3. adopted after the age of 2

4 years - high level of disinhibited attachment
11- mean IQ for those adopted later was lower than earlier

41
Q

Effects of institutionalisation

A

-prac apps, large number of care givers and key workers

42
Q
A

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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