Memory

Question 1

What was Alan Baddeley research on coding

Answer 1

list of words for 4 groups of ppt to learn
g1 acoustically similar(sounded similar)
g2 acoustically dissimilar
g3words with similar meanings
g4words with different meanings
when were shown the original lists they recall was higher(stm) but tended to do worse or acoustically sounding words
When asked to recall the lists after 20 mins from long term they did worse on semantically similar words
STM acoustic and LTM semantic

Question 2

Who did research on capacity

Answer 2

Joseph Jacobs(1887) researched how much we can store in STM at a time, found digit span
Experimenter called out a list of words and ppt are asked to recall they continue until they cannot recall the whole list of words the mean span of digits cross all participants was 9.3 items

Question 3

Span of memory and chunking

Answer 3

George miller made observations of everyday practice and noticed things were grouped in 7s, so thought the span is about 7 items +/- 2
Also chunking where we group sets of information into chunks

Question 4

Duration of the short term memory

Answer 4

Margert and Lloyd Peterson tested 24 students in 8 trials, each trial given a constant syllable(YCG) and a 3 digits number they were asked to count backward from the 3 digit number in 3s as a distraction time to stop mental rehearsal of the 3 digit number. Varied the stop time of counting 3,18 seconds
after 3 seconds recall was 80% after 18seconds recall was 3%

Question 5

Duration of LTM

Answer 5

Henry Barrick studied 392 American ppt aged 17 to 74 high school year books were obtained from old school, they did photo recognition of high school year book and free recall.
ppt in 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in the photo recognition
after 48 years old decline to about 70% photo recognition
free recall was 60% after 15 years and dropped to 30% after 48 years s
LTM may last a whole lifetime

Question 6

Multi store memory model Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 6

describes how information flows through memory system

Question 7

Sensory register

Answer 7

All information from surroundings is passed onto the sensory register , Many different registers for all of the 5 senses visual(iconic memory) and sound(echoic memory) around 0.5 seconds duration high capacity many cells store data

Question 8

Short term memory

Answer 8

stored acoustically for around 18 seconds, unless its rehearsed temporary store store 7+/- 2 items
maintenance rehearsal occurs when we rehearse things over and over again until it goes into the long term memory

Question 9

Long term memory

Answer 9

Potentially permanent store that is store semantically(meaning) Barrick study people up to 50 years after graduation were still able to recognise the faces of those that hey went to high school with
Memory from the LTM can be passed to STM by retrieval

Question 10

Working memory model

Answer 10

explanation of how STM is arranged into different functions looks the mental space that is active while we are temporarily storing information

Question 11

Central executive

Answer 11

Supervisory role, monitors incoming data and divides our attention and allocates subsystems to tasks. Limited processing capacity and does not store information

Question 12

Phonological loop

Answer 12

Deals with auditory information and preserves the order in which information arrives
phonological store: stores words you hear
articulatory process: repeating sounds in you head for a few sounds

Question 13

Visuo- Spital sketchpad

Answer 13

Stores visual and spital information when needed limited capacity of 3/4 items
visual cache- stores visual data
inner scribe- records arrangement of objects in visual field

Question 14

Episodic buffer

Answer 14

Temporary informational store uses other stores to maintain time sequence, recording events of what is happening. 4 chunk capacity works with long with long term memory

Question 15

Research on affects of similar words

Answer 15

McGeoch and McDonald studied retroactive by changing the amount of similarity between two sets of material. PPT asked to learn a list of words to 100% accuracy they then learned a new list
g1synonms
g2antonyms
g3 unrelated words
g4 constant syllables
g5 3 digit number
g6 no list control
when asked to recall the first list the people with synonms performed thee worst. Similar sounding words affect memory.
Pi or Ri

Question 16

Research on context dependent forgetting

Answer 16

Godden and Baddeley swimmers asked to learn list of words/ recall in different settings
either learn on land recall on land learn on land recall in water or learn in water recall on land or learn in water and recall in water found that recall was 40% lower when the location of learning and recall did not match

Question 17

Leading question research

Answer 17

idea that in a court a lawyer may ask a certain question in order to leave the witness to give a certain answer
Loftus and palmer asked 45 participants to watch a clip of two cars in an accident and asked grips of people how fast they think the car was going when the smashed/hit each other the verb was changed in order to lead the ppt
for contacted the speed was 31mph and for smashed it was 40mph

Question 18

Why do leading questions affect EWT

Answer 18

No affect on persons memories but instead affects how they decide to answer the questions verbs like smashed encourage a higher speed.

Question 19

Research on post event discussion

Answer 19

Gabbert studied ppt in Paris each watched a video of the same crime from different POVs and group being able to actually see the title of the book carried by the girl, ppt ten discussed what they saw
71% recalled details they id not see but picked up in discussion memory conformity

Question 20

How does post even discussion affect EWT

Answer 20

memory contamination were peoples memory become altered and Remember things that didn’t actually happen to them

Question 21

Affects of anxiety on recall(research)

Answer 21

high physiological arousal in the body stops us paying attention to the cues
Johnson and Scott had their ppt believe they were part of a lab study waiting room in low anxiety conditions then they heard a conversation in room next to them and a man walk by with grease and a pen in his hand.
Other ppt heard a heated argument with the sound of breaking glass and a man with a blood covered knife walked out(high anxiety)