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Alevel Psychology > Approaches in Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is introspection

A

an attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thought, images and sensations

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2
Q

what is science

A

acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation to discover general laws

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3
Q

general law?

A

description of an observed phenomenon

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4
Q

who opened the first psychological lab

A

1879 Wilhelm Wundt, tried to analyse the nature of the human consciousness and made the first to attempt a study under controlled conditions(introspection)

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5
Q

Wundt’s standardised procedures

A

recorded experiences of stimuli such as objects or sounds. eg played a ticking metronome and asked ppt to report their thoughts, images and sensations

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6
Q

structuralism

A

isolating the structure of consciousness ( breaking down into basic components)

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7
Q

psychology in 17-19th century

A

roots from philosophy would be defined as experimental philosophy

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8
Q

Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

A

opened first psychological lab in Germany and psychology emerges as it own discipline

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9
Q

1900s Sigmund Freud

A

Freud emphasises the influence of the unconscious mind(psychodynamic approach), also makes psycho analysis which shows physical problems can be caused by mental problems

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10
Q

1913 JB Watson

A

With BF skinner form the behaviourist approach

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11
Q

1950s Rogers and Maslow

A

form the humanistic approach(third force), believe human behaviour is determined by outside factors. self determination & free will important

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12
Q

1950s

A

Introduction of digital age gives psychologists a metaphor for human mind and cognitive approach is formed, introduces study of mental process

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13
Q

1960s

A

Bandura comes up with social learning theory, cognitive factor in learning bridge between behaviourism and cognitive approach

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14
Q

1980s

A

Biological approach develops with increase in scientifically knowledge

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15
Q

eve of 21st century

A

cognitive neuroscience emerges as distinct discipline bringing together cognitive neuroscience & biological approach

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16
Q

What was wrong with introspection

A

subjective data so general laws where difficult to make, believed that objective psychology should only look at things that can be observed

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17
Q

biological approach further

A

Advancement in technology has caused sophisticated techniques such as fmri and EEG to be developed to study the brain, genetic testing also allowed us to understand the relationship between genes and behaviour

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18
Q

Evaluation

A
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19
Q

Scientific(Wundt)

A

+ systematic and well controlled
all done in a lab so to limit extraneous variables
procedures, instructions standardised so everyone received same information.
Wundt can be considered a father of scientific approaches like the behaviourist approach

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20
Q

Subjective data

A

-unscientific
ppt had to self report their mental process
which is very much influenced by personal perspective
some ppt may have hidden their thoughts
hard to create laws of behaviour from this

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21
Q

Modern psychology

A

+ claims to be scientific
aims as a natural science
different approach rely on scientific methods to investigate theories in a controlled and unbiased way
psychology has established itself as a a scientific discipline

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22
Q

Subjective data

A

-not all approaches use objective methods
humanistic approach rejects scientific methods and focuses on individual experience
the subject of the study’s(humans) are active ppt in research responding potentially to demand characteristics
scientific approach to study of human thought and experience is not always desirable or possible

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23
Q

what is the behaviourist approach

A

way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is visible

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24
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning by association when two stimuli are paired and uncondition stimilus and neutral stimulus eventually produce same response of a unconditioned stimulus

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25
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

learning in which behaviour is maintained by consequence of behaviour being rewarded or punished

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26
Q

Pavlovs classical conditioning

A

learning through association (1927) taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. Dog associated bell with food and salivate every time it heard the sound
neutral stimulus can cause a learned response though association

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27
Q

Skinners operant conditioning

A

B.F skinner(1953)
positive reinforcement; rewarding someone for doing a certain behaviour
negative reinforcement; avoiding something unpleasant for a positive outcome(lever leads to avoidance of electric shock)
punishment; an unpleasant consequence for behaviour (decreases chance of a behaviour happening)

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28
Q

Evaluation

A
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29
Q

well controlled research(behaviourist approach)

A

+based on well controlled research
measurement of observable behaviour
breaking down behaviour into stimulus response units and removing any other extraneous variables
able to show how reinforcement influenced a rats behaviour
scientific credability

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30
Q

counter point

A

too simplified ignored things like the cognitive approach/mental process

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31
Q

Real world application

A

+ can be applied to real world situations and problems
used in schools to build up students to act in a certain way
increases value of the approach because of its widespread use

32
Q

Environmental determinism

A
  • sees all behaviour as conditioned by past experiences
    ignores any influence of free with and therefore machine reductionism i takes place
    ignores the influence of conscious decision making process on behaviour
33
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

way of explaining behaviour includes direct/ indirect reinforcement and combines it with cognitive factors

34
Q

imitation

A

copying others behaviour

35
Q

identification

A

observer associates themselves with the role model they want to be like

36
Q

modelling

A

imitation form the role models behaviour

37
Q

vicarious reinforcement

A

not directly experience but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced for a behaviour

38
Q

meditational processes

A

cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

39
Q

vicarious reinforcement explained

A

imiation occurs when behaviour is seen to be rewarded rather than punished

40
Q

mediational processes role

A

1.attention- noticing the behaviours
2.retention- behaviour is remembered
3.motor reproduction- ability of observer to perform the behaviour
4.will to perform behaviour determined if the behaviour was rewarded or punished

41
Q

identification

A

people(mostly children) imitate people they identify with (role model) process of imitation is called modelling
they have similar characteristics to the observer and/ or are attractive or higher status can be influenced by media

42
Q

Evaluation

A
43
Q

cognitive factors

A

+ recognises strength of cognitive factors of learning
classical/operant conditioning doesn’t explain how we learn on our own
more comprehensive explainational of human learning by recognising role of mediational processes

44
Q

Contrived lab studies

A
  • all evidence done from lab studies
    children studied on may respond to demand characteristics, eg bobo doll experiement children hit the doll because thats what they thought they were expected to do instead of copying ogthers
    tells us little about how children learn
45
Q

real world application

A

+ applied to real world behaviour
difficult to explain to cultural difference in behaviour
explains how children learn form other around them and the media which also helps explain social norms in societies
increases validity of the study as it can account for real world behaviour

46
Q

Banduras research

A

(1961) recorded behaviour of children who watched an adult behave aggressively to a doll
then observed children play with the same doll in which was aggressively used
the kids that saw the aggressive behaviour acted in a more aggressive way than a non-aggressive adult

47
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

based on mental processes and how they affect behaviour

48
Q

internal mental process

A

private operations of the mind such as perception and attention

49
Q

schema

A

mental framework and beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing

50
Q

interference

A

cognitive psychologist draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on basis of observed behaviour

51
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

using biological structures to underpin mental processes

52
Q

what is the mean process behind the cognitive approach

A

The idea that mental process lead to behaviours, we cannot observe them but cognitive psychologists infer on what is happening on the basis of behaviour

53
Q

what kind of schema do babies have

A

simple motor schema how to grasp move, cry

54
Q

how does schema develop

A

different experiences in life build our understanding, schema may distort our interpretations of sensory information leading to perceptual errors

55
Q

Theoretical model

A

an important theoretical model is the information processing approach, information flows through cognitive system through sequences of stages (multi store memory model)
based on the function of a computer

56
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

study of influence of brain structures on mental process
with increases in technology we have been able to see how biological structures affect neurological processes

57
Q

how does a damaged frontal lobe affect someone

A

speech impairment

58
Q

what did Buckner and Peterson discover

A

different types of LTM may be located on opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex

59
Q

OCD area in the brain?

A

parahippocamal gyrus which is meant to deal with negative and unpleasant emotion

60
Q

evaluation

A
61
Q

scientific methods positive and negative

A

+ objective and uses scientific methods
rigorous methods that use lab studies to produce reliable and objective data
biological and cognitive psychology come together to enhance understanding
credible on a scientific basis

-inference done which is unscientific
the tasks may be artificial so the results cannot be generalised so it lacks external validity

62
Q

Real world application

A

+ practical application
has made a important contribution to field of AI and development of sentient machines
also applied to the treatment of diseases which improves reliability and provides support for the value of the study

63
Q

Machine reductionism

A
  • based on machine reductionism
    there are similarities between the human mind and robots or but the study takes it very far
    ignores the influence of human emotion, motivation and free will to act in certain ways
    eg memory is affected by emotional factors eg anxiety
    machine reductionism may weaken the validity of the study
64
Q

neurochemistry

A

chemicals in brain that regulate psychological function

65
Q

neurochemical basis of behaviour

A

neurotransmitters transmits messages through the brain
imbalance in these chemicals causes a mental health disorder eg serotonin OCD

66
Q

genotype and phenotype

A

genotype is genetic makeup whilst phenotype is the physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics
in twin studies the phenotypes are different due to environmet

67
Q

Evolution and behaviour

A

Charles Darwin proposed the idea of natural selection, characteristics that were beneficial for survival were passed on until the whole population has the characteristic
Possessor of the characteristic is more likely so survive and reproduce

68
Q

application of evolution to humans

A

memory- has provided a survival advantage
attachment- attachment to primary care giver is adaptive
mental disorder- have genetic basis so it is argued that they must have an adaptative advantage

69
Q

Twin studies application

A

researcher discovered genetic basis of depression
compare concordance rates of identical twins(monozygotic) same genes to non identical twins(dizygotic) 50% shared
concordance rates is the likely hood that a trait found in one twin will be present in another
rates were
MZ-49%
DZ-17%
normal siblings-9%

70
Q

Evaluation

A
71
Q

real world application

A

+ real world application
understanding of neurochemical processes in the brain increased and drugs created to combat them
eg SSRIs which stop the reuptake of serotonin the neural synapses for OCD
People are better able to manage or even get rid of their conditions

72
Q

scientific methods

A

+
precise and highly objective scientific methods
fMRIs and EEGs,
able to measure physiological and neural processes that are no open to bias
biological approach is based on objective and reliable data

73
Q

Biological determinism

A

-determinist
the idea that we are controlled by internal genes that we have no control over
despite this a persons genotype is mainly influenced by their environment
some identical twins who have the same genes look the same
too simplistic of a view and ignores the factors of environment

74
Q

central nervous system

A

brain spinal cord origin of all complex commands

75
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

Sends information to CNS from environment transmits messages from CNS to muscles and glands in the body

76
Q

somatic nervous system

A

transmits information from rectopr cells from sensory organs to the CNS
gets messages from CNS to contract muscles

77
Q

Autonomic nervous syste

A

Alevel Psychology (6 decks)

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