Memory Flashcards
What is sensory memory, and what are the types associated with it?
Sensory memory holds sensory information for a brief duration, with iconic memory for visual information and echoic memory for auditory information.
How does the encoding-specificity principle influence memory retrieval?
The encoding-specificity principle suggests that memory retrieval is more effective when the retrieval cues match the encoding context, enhancing recall.
What is memory?
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
What are the different types of memories in the long-term memory system?
Long-term memory includes semantic memories (facts and concepts) and episodic memories (personal experiences), contributing to our knowledge and life experiences.
What is recall in terms of memory?
Recall is the process of retrieving information that is not currently in conscious awareness.
In what ways do individual differences affect memory performance?
Individual differences such as expertise, strategies used, and cognitive abilities can influence memory performance and retrieval.
What is chunking and how does it aid memory retention?
Chunking is grouping information into manageable units, helping memory retention by reducing the cognitive load and enhancing recall.
How does the spacing effect impact memory retention?
The spacing effect refers to better retention when practice is distributed over time rather than massed, promoting long-term memory storage and retrieval.
How do we typically search for information in memory?
We search memory using methods like serial search or self-terminating search, depending on the type of memory task and retrieval process.
What is short-term memory, and what factors affect its capacity?
Short-term memory temporarily holds a limited amount of information, with factors like Millers Magic Number suggesting a capacity of 7 plus or minus 2 items.
Describe the three-stage memory model.
The three-stage memory model consists of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, each with specific functions in memory processing.
Describe the sequence effects observed in memory recall.
The serial-position curve shows that the first and last items in a list are better remembered (primacy and recency effects), influenced by the order of presentation.
Why is memory important?
Memory is important for retaining and recalling information, facilitating learning, and shaping our experiences.
What are the key processes involved in memory according to memory models?
The key processes are encoding (getting information into memory), storage (retaining encoded information), and retrieval (getting information out of memory storage).
What are mnemonics and how do they assist in memory recall?
Mnemonics are memory aids like acronyms, rhymes, or phrases that help in remembering information by providing cues or associations.
What is forgetting and how does it impact memory?
Forgetting is the process by which memories fade or become inaccessible, impacting the ability to recall information.
Explain relearning as it relates to memory.
Relearning refers to learning something more quickly when it is learned again, indicating a memory process at work.
Define recognition in the context of memory.
Recognition is the ability to identify items or information that has been previously learned.
Explain Baddeley’s working memory model.
Baddeleys working memory model comprises the central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad, demonstrating the active processing of information.
How does maintenance rehearsal contribute to memory storage?
Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information to keep it in short-term memory and to transfer it into long-term memory for more permanent storage.
