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Psyc. Midterm 2 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

simple: associative learning
Learning by associating environmental stimuli and behavioural responses
-focus on involuntary Behaviour

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2
Q

When does classical conditioning learning occur?

A

Learning occurs when you recognize that one event predicts another

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3
Q

What was Pavlov’s apparatus?

A

-multiple ways of measuring
-measure by pen rotating cylinder of paper
- what circumstances can affect it

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4
Q

What is Acquisition ?

A
  • It’s the initial learning of the association
    -Learning of the classically conditioned stimulus-response relationship
    -strengthening of conditional response
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5
Q

What is extinction?

A

-Gradual weakening of a previously conditioned response
-diminishing of conditioned response

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6
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

-Reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response

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7
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

-Conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
-stung by wasp hate wasps and generalized all stingy fly things because look similar
-grouped all together

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8
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

-Learned ability to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimension
- learn to discriminate between friendly dogs and trying to naw and bark at you

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9
Q

Learning Phobias

A
  • John B. Watson
    -humans can acquire phobias
    -classical conditioning in human beings
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10
Q

Explain Little Albert Experiment

A

Purpose: give fear of rat
Experiment: large steel bar banged with hammer and every time reaches for rat or near rat the bar is banged
UNS: loud noise
banging creates
UR: of fear
he pairs
NEUTRAL STIMULUS: a white rat with the bar
albert learns association white rat
elicits
CR: fear even without the loud banging sound

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11
Q

Aversive Conditioning (2 of 2 main classical conditioning theories)

A

-Associate unpleasant state with unwanted behaviour
-target unwanted behaviour
- pair words with shock: learn to not like the word itself
-however has to reliable association or else you can just avoid it

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12
Q

Systematic Desensitization (1 of 2 main classical conditioning theories)

A

-Progressive technique designed to replace anxiety with relaxation
-spider example

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13
Q

Preparedness

A

-Biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value
-type of stimulus is important in conditioning
-trying cause fear with flowers or berries easier then snakes cause snakes are something us humans know to look out for

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14
Q

Taste Aversions

A

-Classically conditioned negative reactions to a particular taste that have been associated with illness
-strong survival value (1 take only)
- TWO FACTORS:
distinctive flavour + novel food
-not just about pairing but that its reliable and has delayed
-try to identify cause

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15
Q

Operant Conditioning

A
  • about voluntary behaviour
    -Learning by associating a voluntary behavior with its consequences
    -one predicts the other
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16
Q

When does learning occur?

A

when learn one event predicts the other

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17
Q

Classical conditioning focus on when learning?

A

when a organism learns an association between two stimuli that occurs before an involuntary behavior

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18
Q

Law of Effect

A

-positive = more likely to be repeated
-negative= less likely to be repeated\
DEMOSTRATION:
Thorndike:
- puts cats in tricky puzzle box and saw how long it took them to escape
first took a while but across trials they got faster and faster

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19
Q

Skinner Box (LAW IN ACTION)

A

-still used today
-push lever get reinforcement
-

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20
Q

Thorndike Cat

A

-put cat in
OBEJCETIVE: press lever open and get out
1. cat explores
2. when it then presses lever reward given
3.reinforce for even successfully getting close

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21
Q

Skinner Bird 360

A

IMPORTANT TAKEAWAYS
-reward promptly after desired behaviour and make sure superstitious behaviour doesn’t occur
- bird tries to figure out what is wanted
- if award not given start incorporating unnecessary behaviour

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22
Q

Reinforcement

A

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows

23
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

24
Q

Partial reinforcement 4 components?

A

Fixed ratio, variable ratio,fixed interval,variable interval

25
Q

Fixed Ration

A

Fixed Ratio: reinforced after a specific number of responses
EXAMPLE: Everytime Parker completes 3 math problems he gets a cookie

26
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses
EXAMPLE: Parker doesn’t know when he is getting a cookie but its based of his responses
after 1 problem gets cookie
next time after 6 problems

27
Q

Fixed Interval

A

-reinforced after a specific amount of time has elapsed
-not tied to behaviour
-just wait it out
Example: Parker gets a cookie every 5 mins just by sitting there working

28
Q

Variable Interval

A

-reinforce at unpredictable time intervals
-based on time but don’t know when
Example: parker gets a cookie after 1 min of working on problem next time after 10 mins

29
Q

Difference of Ratio

A

FIXED:
- higher rates
-directly tied to how often responding and then there is a slight pause before starting back

VARIABLE:
-very high rates
-don’t know when getting reward so keep cranking out problems because you don’t know when its coming but it could be right around the corner

30
Q

Intervals

A

-slower rates of responding
-cause response doesn’t matter
-just time
-right when your about to get reward they start working

31
Q

what partial reinforcement is this:
You get 1 air mile for every $20 you spend at Shell

A

Fixed Ratio

32
Q

what partial reinforcement is this:
You may win a large amount playing a slot machine

A

variable ratio

33
Q

what partial reinforcement is this:
You study for the tests that your professor gives you; the tests occur once per month

A

fixed interval based on amount of time (people study more before time interval)

34
Q

what partial reinforcement is this:
You study for the periodically “pop” quizzes that your professor gives you without warning

A

variable interval (time based)

35
Q

Behaviour Modification Therapy

A

-Using positive reinforcement to change behaviour
-ignore what you don’t want reward what you do
-not just clinical

36
Q

Token economies

A

-Desired behaviours are positively reinforced with tokens
- Tokens are la
later exchanged for a tangible reward
-school example

37
Q

4 Roles of Cognition

A

-learned helplessness
-beliefs about reinforcement
-contrast effects
-self-evaluations

38
Q

Learned Helplessness

A
  • no type of behaviour is going to have any rewarding consequences
    -dog in shock cage by Martin Sullgman
39
Q

Beliefs about reinforcement

A
  • believe your going get reinforced so you keep going
40
Q

Contrast effects

A
  • influnced by our evolution of the reward
    -increase= positive contrast
    -decrease= negative lower output
    EXAMPLE:
    even if slight decrease and still higher then other are
    EXAMPLE: i earn 200-000 and salary down by 5000 less likely to perform then if were 100-000 salary that went up by 5000
    in the first scenario you went down losing so you show them by performing less other you went up motivate you to keep going
41
Q

Self Evaluations

A

-outward tangible stimuli
(money/praise)
-feel guilty less likely to engage
-WHAT YOU THINK ABOUT THE BEHAVIOUR

42
Q

Biological constraints

A
  • baseball chicken
    -can’t forget certain behaviours and learn others
    -INSTINCTIVE DRIFT:
    -even when trained can revert back to natural wild behaviour
43
Q

Classical VS Operant

A

CLASSICAL:
-critical stimulus going occur before response
-pairing between neutral and unconditioned stimulus
-government by the experimenter
-responses are going be involuntary/ might be reflexive

OPERANT:
-critical stimulus occurs after the response
-respond a particular way either reinforced or punished as a result
-persons response are completely voluntary

44
Q

Cognitive Maps

A
  • different types of congitive learning
    -mental information acquired through watching something or others and through language
    -Kohlers developed this with Chimp and Banana
45
Q

Tolman and his rats

A

-changed the way rats were looked at
-rats maze example: proved they actually thought before going in a path
-always chose shorter route

46
Q

Latent Learning

A

-Hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs
- in rats who didn’t receive food for 11 days but knew the maze just didn’t care cause there was no incentive to show it

47
Q

Observational Learning/social learning theory

A
  • learning by observing other people
    -Albert Bandura: BOBO doll
48
Q

Observation learning 4 cognitive process

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. reproduction
  4. motivation
49
Q

Attention

A

have to pay attention to model and have to notice,find them interesting/ haven’t seen model can’t engage in those behaviours

50
Q

Retention

A

encode the behaviour to retrieve it later

51
Q

Reproduction

A

have to be able to carry out that behaviour
example:
seeing someone do a triple axel doesn’t mean you can

52
Q

Motivated

A

you have to have some reason to engage in the behaviour

53
Q

when are the positives of observation learning seen?

A

in pro social behaviour

54
Q

When are the negatives of observational learning seen?

A

in aggression

Psyc. Midterm 2 (4 decks)

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