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memory Flashcards

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1
Q

input

A

information enters the memory through the senses

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2
Q

encoding

A

information is transformed into a format we can understand

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3
Q

storage

A

information is kept to use at a later time

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4
Q

retrieval

A

ability to recall information from stoarage

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5
Q

output

A

information is used in some way

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6
Q

hippocampus job

A

New memories must pass through hippocampus before entering long-term storage. Important for creating semantic and biographical memories.

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7
Q

semantic memories

A

memory of facts names or general knowledge i.e the name of the prime minister

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8
Q

autobiographical memories

A

memories that we correct during our lifetime of things we have done and places we have been

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9
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

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10
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to recall old memories

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11
Q

what causes anterograde amnesia

A

Anterograde amnesia usually caused by damage to the hippocampus, a vital element in the formulation of new memories. Info from STM is unable to pass through hippocampus to LTM.

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12
Q

cause for retrograde amnesia

A

Damage to frontal lobe can result in retrograde amnesia. Research suggests there is a relationship between retrograde amnesia and the frontal lobe in Alzheimer’s patients. Remote memory tests were performed on participants and the results showed a significant correlation.

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13
Q

what kind of amnesia does frontal lobe damage cause

A

Damage to frontal lobe can result in retrograde amnesia. Research suggests there is a relationship between retrograde amnesia and the frontal lobe in Alzheimer’s patients. Remote memory tests were performed on participants and the results showed a significant correlation.

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14
Q

what kind of amnesia does hippocampal domage cause

A

anterograde amnesia usually caused by damage to the hippocampus, a vital element in the formulation of new memories. Info from STM is unable to pass through hippocampus to LTM.

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15
Q

what does damage to the cerebellum cause

A

Procedural memory = motor skills. Stored in LTM. Damage to cerebellum can stop us learning new skills or developing new ones. Cerebellum also helps time and coordinate complex movements.

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16
Q

what part of the brain is associated with procedural memory

A

Procedural memory = motor skills. Stored in LTM. Damage to cerebellum can stop us learning new skills or developing new ones. Cerebellum also helps time and coordinate complex movements.

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17
Q

Memories of places, events and people.

A

episodic memory

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18
Q

episodic memory

A

Memories of places, events and people.

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19
Q

procedural memory

A

Responsible for motor skills, so knowing how to do things like walking, feeding yourself etc.

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20
Q

Responsible for motor skills, so knowing how to do things like walking, feeding yourself etc.

A

procedural memory

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21
Q

multi store model of memory sensory store

A

encoding - input (5 senses)
capacity - limited
duration - 1-7 seconds
forgetting - dacay

22
Q

multi store model of memory short term store

A

encoding - info that is paid attention to
capacity - limited (average of 7 items (plus or minus 2)
duration - up to 30 seconds
forgetting - displacement or decay

23
Q

multistore model of memory ltm

A

encoding -
capacity - unlimited
duration - 1 second to forever
forgetting - decay/retrieval failure

24
Q

displacement in stm

A

Capacity of STM is 7, so it can only hold a limited number of items. Therefore, when it is full, new info displaces old info, which will be forgotten if it has not been rehearsed.

25
Q

decay

A

Decay happens when we do not pay attention to the sensory information. Therefore the information breaks down and is no longer available.

26
Q

cues

A

Things that trigger your memory.

27
Q

state dependant forgetting

A

Occurs in the absence of relevant psychological or physiological cues that were present during learning; they act as internal cues.

28
Q

context dependant forgetting

A

Occurs if relevant environmental cues that were present when learning the info are missing at recall; they act as external cues.

29
Q

msmm limitations

A
  • Suggests STM is a single store but research suggests that it is more complex than that and can deal with multiple sensory informations at one time
  • Suggests that in order for info to be passed into the LTM, it must be rehearsed. However not all info is rehearsed, eg if something is shocking. We also don’t tend to rehearse sensory info eg smell and taste.
  • Assumes everyone’s memory systems have the same structure and works the same way, however different people might remember things differently. Also people with brain damage have differently functioning memories
30
Q

distorted memories

A

Distorted memories are memories that have been altered in some way. 2 types: faulty semantic and faulty episodic

31
Q

faulty semantic memories

A

Memories of past events that are incorrectly recalled.

32
Q

faulty episodic memories

A

Knowledge and understanding of things is inaccurate.

33
Q

clive wearing aim

A

To report on the case of Clive Wearing who suffered from a severe and rare case of retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

34
Q

clide wearing sample

A

Was an outstanding musician and musical scholar. Amnesia caused by a herpes virus (encephalitis) that destroyed large parts of his brain.

35
Q

clive wearing design

A

longitudinal case study, covering 21 years.

36
Q

clive wearing materials and procedure

A

neuropsychological tests: IQ tests, verbal fluency tests, digit span tests, MRI scans.
CW experienced severe episodic memory deficits, some semantic memory deficits but immediate memory was normal. Unable to recall and make new memories.

37
Q

clive wearings conditions

A

experienced both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
CW experienced severe episodic memory deficits, some semantic memory deficits but immediate memory was normal. Unable to recall and make new memories.

38
Q

three

clive wearing findigs

A
  • Verbal and performance IQ tests were found to be within average range (although he was gifted before, so this might have decreased).
  • STM normal but LTM severely impaired.
  • MRI revealed extensive damage to temporal cortices, as well as other brain abnormalities.
39
Q

clive wearing conclusions

A

There is an interaction between cognition and physiology. Brain damage in the hippocampal and limbic regions affect the social and cognitive interactions of the individual. Brain damage can lead to both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

40
Q

clive wearing limitations

A
  • CW was repeatedly tested over 21 years, which may have caused psychological distress.

Although CW would have been unable to remember the tests, it may have been unethical to use him repeatedly as a test subject. He provided consent but may not have understood what he was agreeing to

  • The tests were not designed to help him.
    They were simply to repeatedly test his memory ability to grain better understanding of retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Therefore, CW didn’t gain anything from taking part.
  • case study so unrepresentative
41
Q

reconstructed memory

A

People construct their memory based on prior experiences called schemas. The theory does not support the idea of memory being like a computer processing, as it recognises that memory isn’t accurate.

42
Q

schema

A

packets of knowledge about something that help us understand the world around us. They are not recalled chronological order, but we access what is important at that moment in time from our memory.

43
Q

reconstructed memory - experiences-

A

Our schemas are designed to help us deal quickly with a huge amount of sensory data. They influence what we expect to happen in certain situations.

44
Q

confabulation

A

Making up details to create a more complete memory. It is not done with the intent to deceive people. Bartlett suggested that people make up details to fill in blanks in their schema to create a more consistent reconstruction of the memory.

45
Q

distortion

A

Distortion refers to a memory that differs from the actual event that took place.

46
Q

leading questions

A

Memory can be deliberately altered by changing a verb e.g “how fast were they going when they smashed/contacted?”. It is possible that if police use leading questions when interviewing witnesses, they could change the testimony.

47
Q

Msmom in one sentence

A

Memory made up of three different stores

48
Q

Information processing

A
  • input
  • encoding
  • Storage
  • retrieval
  • output
49
Q

Sensory store

A
  • info from environment and senses
  • large capacity
  • 2s duration
  • forgotten via decay
  • passed on by paying attention
50
Q

Stm

A
  • capacity seven plus or minus 2
  • duration 30s
  • forgot via decay or displacement
  • moved on via elaborative rehearsal
  • maintained through maintenance rehearsal

Psychology (6 decks)

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