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criminal Flashcards

1
Q

5 types of crime

A
  • acquisitive
  • antisocial
  • violent
  • drug related
  • sexual
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2
Q

acquisitive crime

A

an offence where the offender derives material gain from the crime

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3
Q

antisocial crime

A

behaviour by a person which causes, or is likely to cause, harassment, alarm or distress to others

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4
Q

sexual crime

A

crimes of a sexual nature

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5
Q

drug related

A

offences related to drug misuse

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6
Q

violent crime

A

a crime in which an offender or perpetrator uses or threatens to use harmful force upon a victim.

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7
Q

issues with how crime is measured

A

may not be reliable as not all crimes are necessarily reported

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8
Q

how is crime measured

A

using the self report method

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9
Q

deviation from norms

A

when an act or behaviour goes against what is expected of society

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10
Q

social construct in terms of criminal behaviour

A

criminal behaviour is determined by what society considers it to be so it is relative to time and place

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11
Q

criminal behaviour

A

any act that goes against the law

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12
Q

selfish accountants drew velvet acrobats

A

sexual
antisocial
drug related
violent
acquisitive

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13
Q

role of culture in determining criminal behaviour

A

culture is a collective set of norms that determines a way of life for a group of people as culture changes so do their norms and thus also what is considered criminal or deviant behaviour

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14
Q

how do prisons reduce antisocial behaviour

A
  • take away freedom , rights and privileges
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15
Q

how do fines reduce antisocial behaviour

A
  • money can be an incentive to committing crimes like theft so risk of losing it may act as a deterrance
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16
Q

how do community sentences reduce antisocial behaviour

A
  • offenders pay back to society while also giving up their time
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17
Q

how does restorative justice promote pro social behaviour

A
  • the victim of the crime will meet the criminal
  • the offender has to take responsibility for their crime and are encouraged to apologize and complete community service bringing them back into the community
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18
Q

how do positive role models promote prosocial behaviour

A
  • offenders observe the actions of prosocial role models so they can learn how to behave
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19
Q

name two methods of rehabilitation

A
  • restorative justice
  • positive role models
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20
Q

four methods of reducing antisocial behaviour

A
  • prison
  • fines
  • community sentences
  • deterrence
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21
Q

Eyesencks criminal personalities theory

A

There are traits associated with people who commit crimes. Something that is inherited through genetic inheritance & innate (born with it).

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22
Q

What dies eyesenck believe about criminal personalities

A

They are genetically inherited and innate

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23
Q

Extraversion

A
  • High E score = sociable, lively and sensation seeking
  • BRAIN: extroverts have a low level of arousal in their cerebral
    cortex (as stimuli is restricted by RAS) and therefore need
    more stimulation from their environment, leading to risky & anti-social behaviour.
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24
Q

In eyesencks theory what causes extraversion

A

extroverts have a low level of arousal in their cerebral
cortex (as stimuli is restricted by RAS) and therefore need
more stimulation from their environment, leading to risky & anti-social behaviour.

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25
Traits of an extravert
sociable, lively and sensation seeking
26
Neuroticism
- High N scores = anxious & react very strongly to aversive stimuli. - BRAIN: the ANS becomes over-aroused and affects the limbic system, causing violent & unstable behaviour.
27
Neuroticism traits
High N scores = anxious & react very strongly to aversive stimuli
28
Neuroticism cause
the ANS becomes over-aroused and affects the limbic system, causing violent & unstable behaviour.
29
Psychoticism
- High P score = aggressive & egocentric. - BRAIN: due to an excess of dopaminergic neurons, which causes an overproduction of dopamine and leads to less inhibitions & more aggressive behaviour.
30
Psychoticism cause
due to an excess of dopaminergic neurons, which causes an overproduction of dopamine and leads to less inhibitions & more aggressive behaviour.
31
Psychoticism traits
High P score = aggressive & egocentric.
32
How did eyesenck believe criminality developed
Eysenck believed that criminality develops mainly due to genetics but early socialisation and difficulties in conditioning can also play a part.
33
Eyesencks limitations
- Ignores individual differences- Unlikely criminals who commit different crimes all share a similar personality. - Too deterministic as it ignores free will. - merely identifies certain characteristics that may link to criminality. It does not inform us why individuals commit criminal acts
34
Aim of heaven’s study
To test the correlation between Eysenck’s personality traits and delinquency.
35
Heavens sample
282 ( just under 300) teenagers (aged 13-15) from two Catholic schools in Australia.
36
Heavens Research method
Questionnaire and longitudinal study
37
Heavens procedure
- Participants completed questionnaires at Time 1 (around 14 years old) - and 2 years later at Time 2 (around 16 years old). - 1) measured psychoticism, extraversion & self-esteem (better measure than neuroticism). - 2) used self-report to measure delinquency (looked at violence, vandalism & theft).
38
Heavens findings
- Males were more likely than females to be involved delinquency at Time 1 & Time 2. - There was found to be a positive correlation between psychoticism & delinquency at Time 1 & Time 2. But traits only explain a part of criminal behaviour.
39
Heavens conclusion
Psychoticism is linked to delinquency.
40
Heavens limitations
- Sample culturally biased (unrepresentative & can't be generalised). - Limited by social desirability as it was self-report..
41
Babduras social learning theory
Bandura suggested that all behaviour is learnt through observation & children are particularly influenced by what they see, this includes criminal behaviour
42
What are rge stages whithin banduras social learning theory
- role models - identification - observation - vicarious reinforcement - imitation - direct reinforcement - internalisation
43
Role models and identification
Children will identify with role models - people we look up to and respect who model behaviour for us. They will decide they want to be like these people.
44
Observation and imitation
A child may observe a criminal act - creates a mental representation in their mind, because they have seen this particular behaviour they are more likely to copy it.
45
Vicarious reinforcement
A role model is observed being rewarded for their criminality; financially or through an increased status. More ikely to lead to criminality being imitated if positive
46
Direct reinforcement
Observer engages in criminal act and receives reward, is likely to continue. reinforcement can also be negative & can deter
47
Internalisation
The behaviour becomes part of us & no longer needs to be reinforced for it to continue - will repeat behaviour despite consequences (e.g. punishment, harm)
48
Social learning theory limitations
- Ignores the role of nature - e.g. brain dysfunction & genetics - Doesn’t explain how criminal behaviour starts in the first place (first wave criminals) - If it's correct, should be easier to reduce crime through conditioning.
49
Cooper and nackie study aim
To see if aggressive video games would lead to increased aggression
50
Cooper and mackie sample
84 children, aged 9-11 from schools in New Jersey, USA
51
Coooer and nackie experimental design
Lab experiment, independent measures design
52
*Cooper and mackie procedure*
- 1) Two groups - played or observed either missile command (high agg.), pacman (low agg.), or maze (control). - 2) Playroom - observed which toys each child played with (aggressive, active, quiet, skill). - 3) Asked questions about reward/punishment using buzzer*
53
Cooper and mackie findings
- Children playing aggressive game spent longer playing with aggressive toy. Esp. with girls - Boys preferred to play. - Type of game had no effect on interpersonal aggression (buzzer qus.)
54
Cooper and mackie conclusion
Playing or watching an aggressive video game had an impact on aggressive behaviour of girls but not boys.
55
Cooper and mackie limitations
Sample was culturally biased - cannot be generalised. Lacks ecological validity as it was a lab experiment (artificial conditions)
56
3 stages of restorative justice
- criminal meets victim of crime - criminal takes responsibility for crime - criminal does community service to reintegrate into society
57
* how do prisons punish people
- poor conditions and take away freedoms rights and privileges
58
* how do community sentences rehabilitate / punish people
- offenders pay back society often by giving up own time to contribute to the community ( example from extract) - often made to wear specific clothes that make it obvious they are serving community sentence - psychological punishment of shame
59
* what type of crimes are fibes used for
- minir ones like property damage
60
* how do prosocial rolemodels help reform
- observe people behave in prosocial ways
61
Using the source: (a) Explain one way that punishment could be used with ____ to try to stop their involvemer with __crime____.
- **appropriate punishment** i.e community sentence, prison, fines, positive rolemodel ( not punishment but rehab) - ** explain what punishment is in association to punishment or something else in the source** - **example of punishment related to source**

Psychology (6 decks)

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