memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Research on coding:

A

Baddeley:
- group 1/2 acoustically similar/dissimilar
- group 3/4 semantically similar/dissimilar
- STM acoustically
- LTM semantically

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2
Q

Research on capacity:

A

Digit span: Jacobs
- gives digits to recall until no longer can, mean for digits: 9.3 mean for letters: 7.3

Span + chunking: Miller
- everyday practice things come in 7’s, can recall 5 words (chunking)

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3
Q

Research on duration of STM:

A

Peterson + Peterson, 24 undergrads, 8 trials
-given a trigram and 3 digit number to count backwards from (prevent mental rehearsal)
- stop at different times (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18…) retention interval
- findings= 3 seconds 80%, 18, 10% correctly recalled

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4
Q

Research on duration of LTM:

A

Bahrick, 392 pp, 17-74, yearbooks obtained
1. photo recognition,
15 years= 90% accurate
48 years= 70%
2. free recall
15 years= 60%
48 years= 30%

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5
Q

Evaluation of research on coding:

A
  • artificial stimuli, no meaning, difficult to generalise to everyday life, limited application
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6
Q

Evaluation of research on capacity:

A
  • Lacks validity, (temporal) early research lacked control, confounding variables (pps distracted), however results confirmed in other studies
  • Miller overestimated capacity, Cowan concluded capacity= 4 chunks, millers 5 items more appropriate than 7
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7
Q

Evaluation of research on duration:

A
  • meaningless stimuli (STM) artificial, lacked external validity, however we do remember phone numbers so can be applied to every day life

+ high external validity (LTM) real life meaningful memories, when compared with meaningless (Shepard) recall was lower
- however confounding variables not controlled e.g how often they looked at yearbooks

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8
Q

What is the multi store model of memory?

A

prolonged rehearsal
SR > STM > LTM
< retrieval
maintenance rehearsal

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9
Q

Explain what the sensory register is:

A
  • recieves stimulus from environment
  • 2 main stores iconic, visual, echoic, auditory
  • duration= 1/2 second
  • capacity= 100 million cells
  • coding= acoustically
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10
Q

Coding, capacity and duration of STM:

A
  • coding= acoustically
  • capacity= 7+-2
  • duration= 18-30 seconds
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11
Q

Coding, capacity and duration of LTM:

A
  • coding= semantically
  • capacity= unlimited
  • duration= lifetime
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12
Q

Evaluation for multi store model:

A

+ Supporting evidence, Baddeley supports STM and LTM being 2 distinct separate stores, different coding (Jacobs, Peterson)
- artificial materials in research (meaningless)

  • there are 2 types of rehearsal (Craik, Watkins)
    maintenance= described in model however only keeps in STM
    elaborative= not in model, needed for long term storage (link to knowledge)
    cannot be explained by MSM
  • STM is not a unitary store, (Shallice, Warrington) KF verbal info impaired, visual unaffected, separate components shown in WMM
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13
Q

What are the types of LTM?

A

episodic= events from life
- time stamped
- conscious effort to recall
- several elements

semantic= facts and knowledge of the world
- not time stamped
- require conscious recall

procedural= actions or skills e.g. riding a bike
- without conscious effort
- not time stamped

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14
Q

Evaluate the types of LTM:

A

+ neuroimaging evidence
brain scan studies (Tulving) pps perform tasks scanned with PET, left prefrontal cortex semantic, right episodic, validity

+ real life application, Belleville et al, episodic memories could be improved in older people, cognitive impairment, performed better in test than control, enabling treatment to be developed

  • two types (Cohen, Squire) episodic and semantic declarative (stored together), procedural non declarative

+ clinical evidence, Clive wearing, viral infection, damaged hippocampus procedural memory works, piano, lost his episodic memory, has semantic memory, remembers his wife

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15
Q

What is the working memory model

A

explains how the short term memory is organised/functions
- consists of 4 components

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16
Q

What is the central executive?

A
  • Monitors incoming data and makes decisions
    capacity= limited, 3-4 objects
    coding= modality free
17
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A
  • auditory information, subdivided
  • phonological store= words you hear
  • articulatory process= maintenance rehearsal, repeat words on loop
    capacity= 2 seconds
    coding= acoustic
18
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A
  • stores visual and spatial info
  • visual cache, visual data
  • inner scribe, arrangement of objects in visual field
    capacity= 3-4 objects
    coding= visual
19
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A
  • added in 2000, temporary store for info
  • records events that are happening
    capacity= 4 chunks
    coding= modality free
20
Q

Evaluate the working memory model:

A

+ Clinical evidence, KF damage to phonological loop, but other areas worked (visual), supports existance of separate stores. However can’t be generalised (trauma)

+ brain scanning studies, Braver et al, tasks involving CE, activity in left pre frontal cortex, increased, support existence of CE

  • lack of clarity over central executive, suggests its the least understood component, lacks explanation

+ Baddeley t al, word length effect, difficult remember long words (association), finite space in articulatory process (2 sec) disappears if given an articulatory suppression task.

21
Q

What is interference (explanations for forgetting)

A
  • when information blocks another piece of info, causing forgetting or distortion
22
Q

What are the types of interference?

A
  • proactive interference= Where an old memory interferes with a new memory

-retroactive interference= Where a new memory interferes with an old memory

23
Q

Research on interference:

A

McGeoch + McDonald
- pps learn words until 100% accuracy
- then learned a new list
6 groups:
1. synonyms
2. antonyms
3. unrelated
4. nonsense syllables
5. 3 digit numbers
6. no list (rested)
- performance depended on 2nd list, synonyms produced worst recall

24
Q
A