Memory Flashcards by Grace Rootham Davies

What is Coding?

The format in which information is processed and stored

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What did Baddley say about coding?

He says that words and information are best coded when there is a difference between them

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What did Badley say about coding?

He found that his hypothesis was true. He tested this through have 4 groups:
~> Semantically similar e.g. yacht, sail, ship
~> Semantically dissimilar e.g. news, hand, door
~> Acoustically similar e.g. mat, cat, gnat
~> Acoustically dissimilar e.g. pen, cow, lid

He found that Semantically dissimilar and Acoustically dissimilar, would remember these better because they each hold there own values.

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What is Duration?

The length of time information can be held in memory

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What did Peterson and Peterson say about Duration?

They got 24 students in 8 trials to remember a constant and a three digit syllable to count back from. They found:
~> At 8 seconds 80% of people correctly recalled info
~> At 18 seconds 10% of people correctly recalled info

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What is Capacity?

The amount of informations that can be held in a memory store

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What did Miller say about Capacity?

He believed in the magic number 7. This is the the fact that our memory can store up to 5, 7, 9 pieces of information. This will depend on person to person

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What is the Multi-store memory model?

Incoming. ~> Sensory ~>. STM. ~>. LTM
Information. ~>. Memory. ~>. ~>
|. |. |
|. |. |
Info Lost. Info Lost Info Lost

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What are the factors of the Sensory Register?

Duration: 0.5 seconds
Capacity: Very high
Coding: Modality specific

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What are the factors of the STM?

Duration: 15 - 30 seconds
Capacity: Miller Magic Number
Coding: Acoustically

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What are the factors of the LTM?

Duration: Forever
Capacity: Unlimited
Coding: Semantically

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What is the Working Memory Model?

This was created by baddley in 1974 and it is to battle the weaknesses of the multi store memory model.

                                          Central Executive  Phonological Store.                           |.                       The Visuopatial 
           |                                            V                               Sketch pad
           |.                          The Episodic Executive.                 |
           |.                                            |                                       |
           V.                                            V                                       V
  MEMORY.                                MEMORY.                        MEMORY

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What does the phonological Store do?

It stores all the Auditory Information and preserves the order of new informtion

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What does the Episodic Buffer do?

It temporarily stores information when you are at capacity

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What does the Visuospatial Sketch Pad do?

It sores the Visual information, and can hold 3-4 pieces

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Evaluate the Working Memory Model?

Strengths:
~> Doesn’t clarify for all types of activities. Baddley found that when a verbal and visual task happened at the same time performance declined

~> Squire Et Al did brain scans on people and found that different pieces of memory are processed in different areas

Weakness’:
~> Berz shows participants could listen to music instrumentals without impairing performance on other acoustic tasks. This means memory is more complex
~>

What is Interference?

Interference is the pieces of info disrupting each other through two ways (PORN)

What is Proactive Interference?

Old Informations replaces New Information

What is Retroactive Interference?

New Informations is replaced by Old Information

What did McGeoch and McDonald Say?

Participants had to learn a list of 10 words with similarity off by hearts. They were in 6 groups:
~> Synomens
~> Antonyms
~> Unrelated
~> Consonant Syllables
~> Three digit numbers
~> No new list

Recall was 70% for the first list

What are cues?

Triggers which serve as a reminder to the information

What is Context dependent forgetting?

Recall depends on external cues e.g. weather in places

What is State Dependent Forgetting?

Recall happens on internal cues e.g. feeling upset

What is Retrieval Failure?

Forgetting due to the absence of cues

What did Godden and Baddley say? CDF

They studied deep sea divers to see if the changes in our environment make our recall information better or worse . They did this through having the divers learn a list of words in one please then repeat them in another. This created 4 conditions: ~> On land to On land ~> On land to On water ~> On water to On water ~> On water to On land

What did Godden and Baddley find? CDF

They found that when you had two different environments for learning it made recall 40% lower. Thus proving Context Dependent Forgetting

What did Carter and Cassaday say? SDF

They gave antihistamine drugs to participants creating a change in the internal body. They then had to learn a list of words aswell. This created 4 conditions: ~> On land to On land ~> On land to On water ~> On water to On water ~> On water to On land

What did Carter and Cassaday find? SDF

They found that when you had two different internal environments for learning it made recall lower. Thus proving State Dependent Forgetting

What is a Eye Witness Testimony?

An eye witness testimony is when someone witness’ a crime and they report it from there point of view.

What did Loftus and Palmer say? EWT

They had 45 participants watch a car crash and they where then asked a question but the verb would change each time e.g. how did the cars collided?, or how did the cars bump?

What did Loftus and Palmer find?

They found that the change in verb changed the way the participants saw the video

What is Post Event Discussion?

This is where after witnessing a crime the people who saw it discussing with eachother what they saw. This could change there belief of what they actually saw. This could be because of Normative Social Influence, or Informative Social Influence.

How does Anxiety effect Eye Witness Testimonies?

Anxiety creates a psychological arousal of a flight or fight response which can lead to alertness. However, it prevents us from paying attention from cues and limits memory. Yerbas-Dodson law graph

What did Johnson and Scott say?

He split people into 2 groups, one heard a calm convosation from a doctors office and a man leaving, and the other heard shouting and saw a man leaving with a bloody knife. The participants were then asked to pick the man from 50 photos.

What did Johnson and Scott find?

They found that in Low Anxiety 49% of people identified the man. But in High Anxiety 33% of people identified the man.

What did Pickle Say?

Pickle showed a Hair Salon with a man entering holding a different item each time (wallet, scissors, raw chicken, and nothing). The participants then had to fill out a questionnaire about the receptionist and the man.

What did Pickle find?

They found that: ~> Recall of receptionist was equal through all conditions ~> Recall of man varied

What is a Cognitive Interview?

This is a Interview that allows for a better psychological insight into how memory works.

What are the techniques of the Cognitive Interview?

Context reinstatement (Change the environment) Change the sequence (Recall in a different order) Change the sequence (Recall from a different persons pov) Report everything (Report every detail)