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Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Who created the Multi-store model of memory (MSM)?

A

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin.

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2
Q

What does the MSM describe + suggest?

A

How information flows through the memory system -> the model suggests that memory is made up of three stores linked by processing.

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3
Q

What passes through to the sensory sensory register?

A

All stimuli from the environment.

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4
Q

What does the sensory register consist of?

A

Several registers - one for each of the five senses.

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5
Q

How is the coding in each sensory register/store?

A

Modality specific.

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6
Q

What is the store coding for visual info + the store coding for acoustic info?

A

Visual = iconic memory. Acoustic = echoic memory.

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7
Q

What is the duration, capacity + general coding of the sensory register?

A

Duration = limited, capacity = very large, coding = unprocessed.

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8
Q

How does information pass from the sensory register to the short term memory?

A

If you pay attention to the information.

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9
Q

What is the duration, capacity + coding of short-term memory?

A

Duration = 18-30 seconds, capacity = +7/-2, coding = acoustic.

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10
Q

When does maintenance rehearsal occur?

A

When we repeat material to ourselves over and over again in order to store the information for a limited period of time.

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11
Q

How can information be kept indefinitely in the short-term memory?

A

Through maintenance rehearsal.

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12
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

Thinking about the meaning of the information in short-term memory.

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13
Q

What happens through elaborative rehearsal?

A

Information from the short-term memory becomes coded semantically and passes to the long-term memory store.

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14
Q

What is the duration, capacity + coding of the long-term memory?

A

Duration = lifelong, capacity = unlimited, coding = semantic.

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15
Q

What are the key claims of the MSM?

A

1- Each memory store is unitary. 2- Each store is separate to the others = suggests that one store can be damaged when the other is not.

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16
Q

What is STM?

A

The limited capacity store.

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17
Q

What is LTM?

A

The permanent memory store.

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18
Q

What is coding?

A

The format in which information is stored.

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19
Q

What is capacity?

A

The amount of information that can be held in a memory store.

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20
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time information can be held in memory.

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21
Q

How did Baddeley’s separate participants when researching coding?

A

Gave different lists of words to 4 groups of p.ps to remember -> Group 1: (acoustically similar) - words that sounded similar. Group 2: (acoustically dissimilar) - words that sounded different. Group 3: (semantically similar) - would with similar meanings. Group 4: (semantically dissimilar) - word with different meanings.

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22
Q

What were the p.ps shown + asked to do in Baddeley’s research on coding?

A

Shown the original words + asked to recall them in the correct order.

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23
Q

What were the results of Baddeley’s research?

A

When the p.ps recalled the word lists immediately (recalling from STM) - they tended to do worse with acoustically similar words -> when they recalled after a time interval of 20 mins (recalling from LTM) - they did worse with the semantically similar words.

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24
Q

What do the results of Baddeley’s research suggest?

A

That information is coded acoustically in STM + semantically in LTM.

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25
Q

How did Joseph Jacobs research the capacity of STM?

A

He measured digit span to find out the capacity of STM - the researcher reads out 4 digits + the p.ps recall these out loud in the correct order - if this is correct = the researcher reads out 5 digits + so on until the p.ps cannot recall the order correctly (indicates the individuals digit span).

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26
Q

What did Joseph Jacobs find?

A

The mean span for digits across all p.ps was 9.3 items - the mean span for letters was 7.3.

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27
Q

How did George Miller (1956) research the capacity of the STM?

A

Used the digit span technique - consists of participants hearing a list of numbers + immediately trying to recall them in the correct order.

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28
Q

What were the results of Miller’s research into the capacity of STM?

A

Miller reviewed psychological research + concluded that the span of STM is 7+/-2 -> Miller also found that if people chunk things together, they can remember more.

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29
Q

What are the main parts of the sensory register?

A

The iconic store + the echoic store.

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30
Q

What are the other sensory stores in the sensory register?

A

The haptic store = what you feel, the gustatory store = what you taste, the olfactory store = what you smell.

31
Q

How did Peterson & Peterson (1959) research duration in STM?

A

P.ps (24 undergraduate students) were presented with a consonant trigram - rehearsal was prevented by asking them to count backwards in threes from a specified number -> after intervals up to over 30 seconds - p.ps were asked to stop counting + repeat the trigram.

32
Q

What were the results of Peterson & Peterson’s research on duration of STM?

A

After 3 second delay = 80% recall, after 18 second = 10% recall, after 30 seconds = no trigrams were recalled.

33
Q

What was Peterson & Peterson’s conclusion?

A

The duration of STM is 30 seconds or less if maintenance rehearsal is blocked (evidence for MSM) - this information fades from STM because of trace decay.

34
Q

How did Bahrick et al (1975) research the duration of LTM?

A

Investigators interviewed graduates from a high school in America - over a 50 year period -> 392 graduates were shown a set of photographs from their high school yearbook + p.ps were split into 2 groups.

35
Q

What were the 2 groups in Bahrick et al’s research?

A
  1. Photo recognition group: p.ps given a list of names + asked to select the name that matched the person in the photo. 2. Recall group: p.ps asked to name the people in the photos without being given a list of possible names.
36
Q

What were the results for the photo recognition group in Bahrick’s research?

A

15 years - 90% could accurately match the correct name to the person in the photo.
48 years - 70% could accurately match the correct name to the person in the photo.

37
Q

What were the results for the recall group in Bahrick’s research?

A

15 years - 60% could accurately name the people in the photos.
48 years - 30% could accurately name the people in the photos.

38
Q

What was the conclusion Bahrick et al made?

A

The duration of LTM can last a long time - it is at least 34 years based on the evidence from this study.

39
Q

How did Sperling (1960) research the capacity & duration in the sensory register?

A

P.ps were flashed 3x4 grid of letters onto a screen for 50 milliseconds - he then asked p.ps to recall as many letters as they could remember + he then asked p.ps to recall single rows of letters when particular tones were heard.

40
Q

What were the results of Sperling’s research into the capacity & duration in the sensory register?

A

When asked to recall as many letters as they could, p.ps could remember approx. 4 letters - when p.ps were asked to recall single rows of letters, they recalled on average 3 times -> however, the items decayed rapidly.

41
Q

What was the conclusion that Sperling made?

A

The capacity of the sensory register is a minimum of 4 items + the duration is between 250 to 500 milliseconds - it is thought that the image of each item fades during the 50ms + the time it takes to report back recalled items so it could be much larger than 4 items.

42
Q

Who created the theory of the working memory model?

A

Alan Baddeley + Graham Hitch.

43
Q

What are the 4 features of working memory?

A
  1. STM is not unitary but consists of separate components.
  2. Each separate part/component processes + stores different types of information.
  3. Each component contains different types of memory codes.
  4. Each has limited storage capacity - can’t store much.
44
Q

What is the working memory model a development of?

A

The multi-store model - it puts forward a system involving active processing + short-term storage of information.

45
Q

What does the WMM suggest the four main components of STM are?

A
  1. The central executive.
  2. The phonological loop (made up of the articulatory loop + phonological store).
  3. The visuo-spatial sketch pad.
  4. Episodic buffer.
46
Q

What does the MSM say that memory stores are - in contrast to WMM?

A

MSM says that memory stores are unitary (MSM is unidirectional) - WMM says that STM is not unitary (WMMA isn’t unidirectional).

47
Q

What is the central executive?

A

The organiser of the STM - it attends all incoming information, temporarily stores info + decides what pieces of information to send to the different slave systems.

48
Q

What is the capacity and coding of the central executive?

A

It has a limited capacity (can only deal with one type of information at a time) + can process information from any mode/any senses = unprocessed coding.

49
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Deals with auditory information + preserves the order in which the information arrives. It is active during verbal tasks, e.g learning/repeating words, speaking + reading.

50
Q

What is the capacity + coding of the phonological loop?

A

The coding is acoustic + has a limited capacity = can only deal with a small amount of sound based info.

51
Q

What is the phonological loop divided into?

A
  • The phonological store = which stores the words you can hear for a brief period of time.
  • The articulatory loop = which allows maintenance rehearsal/sub-vocal repetition of the items stored in the phonological loop.
52
Q

What is the Visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

The visuo-spatial sketchpad stores/manipulates visual + spatial information. It is involved in pattern recognition + perception of movement. It deals with what items look like + the physical relationship between them.

53
Q

When is the visuo-spatial sketchpad active?

A

During visual tasks, e.g forming an image of something + answering questions about it.

54
Q

What is the coding + capacity of the Visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

Limited capacity + semantic coding.

55
Q

What is the Visuo-spatial sketchpad sub-divided into?

A
  • The visual cache = stores visual data.
  • The inner scribe = records the arrangement of objects in the visual field.
56
Q

When was the episodic buffer added to the WMM + by who?

A

In 2000 by Baddeley.

57
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

Acts as a temporary ‘backup’ store (it is the storage component of the Central Executive) - it is responsible for integrating + manipulating material from the Central Executive, PL, VSS + LTM -> processes information that requires two different senses at the same time. It also makes sense of time-sequencing.

58
Q

What are the other functions of the Central Executive?

A

Calling up information from LTM, merging information from the slave systems and LTM.

59
Q

What is the capacity + coding of the episodic buffer?

A

Limited capacity + unprocessed coding.

60
Q

What is one of the episodic buffer’s most important functions?

A

Is to recall material from the LTM and integrate it into the components of STM when working memory requires it.

61
Q

What can the episodic buffer also do?

A

Can process information that requires two senses at the same time (dual coding).

62
Q

What is episodic LTM?

A

A long term memory store of personal events. It includes memories of when the events occurred and of the people, objects, places + behaviours involved. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously + with effort.

63
Q

Example of Episodic LTM?

A

A recent visit to the dentist.

64
Q

What is semantic LTM?

A

A long term memory store for our knowledge of the world. This includes facts + our knowledge of what words and concepts mean. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously + with effort.

65
Q

Example of semantic LTM?

A

Your knowledge of what the capital city of Germany is.

66
Q

What is procedural LTM?

A

A long term memory store for our knowledge of actions + skills. This includes our memories of learned skills. Memories from this store can usually be recalled without making a conscious effort.

67
Q

Example of procedural LTM?

A

How to ride a bike.

68
Q

What are the features of episodic LTM?

A

Explicit, associated with the hippocampus + the frontal lobe, memories can be expressed verbally (declarative), may be less resistant to forgetting/amnesia.

69
Q

What are the features of semantic LTM?

A

Explicit, temporal lobe, memories can be expressed verbally (declarative), may be less resistant to forgetting/amnesia.

70
Q

What are the features of procedural LTM?

A

Implicit, located in the cerebellum + motor cortex, difficult to explain verbally (non-declarative), may be more resistant to forgetting/amnesia.

71
Q

What was the aim of Tulving’s (1989) research?

A

To investigate whether episodic + semantic tasks were processed differently.

72
Q

What was Tulving’s method?

A

6 p.ps were injected with radioactive gold - would be detected in the body using a gamma ray detector -> p.ps thought about semantic memories such as ideas they have learnt from a book or episodic memories such as their school days - p.ps would start thinking about a topic + 60 seconds later they’d be injected with the gold + were then scanned 8 seconds later.

73
Q

What were the results of Tulving’s research?

A

The 2 different types of tasks provided different patterns of blood flow in the brain - episodic memories were associated with increased blood flow in the frontal lobes of the cortex + semantic memories were associated with increased blood flow in the posterior region.

74
Q

What did Tulving conclude?

A

Episodic + semantic LTMs seem to involve different parts of the brain + are therefore separate parts of the LTM - suggests a biological basis for differences in the LTM.

Psychology (21 decks)

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