Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

• How our current experiences initially enters memory
• A process that depends on attention.

Question 2

Storage

Answer 2

• How the record of an experience is maintained over time.
• This record is not fixed; it remains flexible and can be modified over time.
  EX. after telling the same story many times, you may adopt and maintain inaccuries without being aware of it.

Question 3

Retrieval

Answer 3

• How the stored information gets retrived when it is needed.
• Memory retrival is dependent on retrieval ces, or the many aspects of your current expereince that evoke similar priot experineces stored in memory.

Question 4

Sensory memory

Answer 4

• The transient maintenance of perceptal and physical infromation from the very recent past.
• Sensory memories are stored for a few seconds at most.
• They come from the five senses: hearing, vision, touch, smell, and taste (ionic memory, echoic memory, haptic memory)
• They are stored only for as long as the sense is being stimulated.

Question 5

Short-term memory

Answer 5

• Only some of the information in sensory memory gets selected for further processing based on what the person pays attention to which enters the consciousness and is maintained in the short-term memory.
  –RAM: the selected memory is held online for a short time but not stored permanetly.

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

• Through rehearsal, information can be maintianed in short-term memory for longer.

Question 7

Chunking

Answer 7

• The process by which information is organized into sets of familiar groups or categroies of items.
• This can help increase the total number of items held in memory.

Question 8

Working memory

Phonolgical loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, central executive

Answer 8

• Working memory adds new features to the original conception of short term memory.
  1. Phonological (or articulatory) loop: Temportary storage that can maintain seven +/- two bits of phonological infromation for a short period of time. Can be achieved by rehearsing verbally.
  2. Visuospatial sketchpad: temportarily represent and and manipulate visual infromation.
  3. Episodic buffer: It is thought to draw on the othr buffers as well as on other stored long-term memories. This aspect of working memory is engaged when remeber specific past episodes.
  EX. thinking about the last time you ordered from your favourite pizza restaurant, you might recollect what the menu looks like and where it is pinned onto your fridge.

Question 9

Long-term memory

Answer 9

• Memories are thought to be stored relatively permanently.
• The permanent storage of our memory. Breaks down into declarative (semantic and episodic) and nondeclarative emroies (implicit and procedural)

Question 10

Multi-store model: Primacy and recency effects

Answer 10

• The Free Recall Paradigm: Participants are required to study a list of words presented one at a time. They then need to recall as many words as they can in any order.
• Results show that words near the middle of the series are the least likely to be recalled.
• Primacy effect: Particiants during a free-recall task remember more words presented at the beginning of the list and words towards the end recency effect

Question 11

Amnesiac with hippcampal damage

Answer 11

• Patients with amnesia have revealed much of what isknown about long-term memory.
• The hippocampus seems vital for formation of long-term memories but longlasting representations may be prepresented throughout the cortex.

Question 12

Declarative memory

Answer 12

• describes the more intuitive form of memory where the information is explicit and accessible to consciousness.
• Often times divided into semantic memory and episodic memory
  -Semantic memory: General information that you recall withou necessarily remembering a specific time or place you can recall without necessarily remebering a sepcific time or place you learned it.
• Episodic memory: Information that you can recall about a discrete past event that is tied to a particular place and time.

Question 13

Nondeclarative memory

Answer 13

• Also known as implicit memory, decribes actions, procedures, skills, and conditioned responses, information learned but often hard to articulate in words.
  EX. you know how to ride a bike, but its not as easy to describe the motor controls

Question 14

Levels of processing

Answer 14

• The more we try to organize and understand the material, the better we remember it.
• Experiement looked into the physical characterisits of the text, whether the phonology of the word rhymes with another word, or whether the meaning of the word fit a given context.
• Deeper level word processing were more likely to be rememebered

Question 15

mnemoic strategy

Answer 15

a device such as a pattern of letters, ideas, or associations that assists in rememebring someting.

Question 16

Self-referenet effect

Answer 16

• Information encoded with “me-in-mind” is better remembered than information encoded with something or someone else in mind.

Question 17

Encoding specificity

Answer 17

• Information is not encoded in isolation but rather in conjunction with other apsects of the learning event.
• The physical environment, mental state
• These contextural aspects of encoding can later be used as retriveal cues.

Question 18

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 18

• Remebering is most likely when the mental processes engaged during encoding closely match those engaged during retrieval

Question 19

Decay

Answer 19

• Forgetting occurs becauses memories simply fade over time.
• However, it may not explain forgetting in long-term memories because the passage of time is not always a good predictor of recall.

Question 20

Interference

Answer 20

• Alternative to decay
• Interference theory suggests that forgetting is instead driven by the inability to access information because other learned information competes for retrieval.
• Proactive interference: When information learned prior to a new event prevents subsequent retrieval of that new event.
• Retrograde interference: When newly learned information prevents retrieval of older memories.

Question 21

Repression

Answer 21

• Repression of negative memories is a controversial topic that may merely reflect a tendency to remember positive rather than negative experiences.

Question 22

Misinformation effects

Answer 22

• The creation of false memories by incorperating new errorous infortmation with an old memory.

Question 23

Source of confusion

Answer 23

• Source monitoring errors occur when we fail to recall the true origins of memories.
• Reality monitoringis our ability to discirminate false memories from true memories.