Memory

Question 1

Coding

Answer 1

the process of changing information from the environment to store it in memory.

Question 2

Capacity

Answer 2

the amount of information that can be stored

Question 3

Duration

Answer 3

he time period that information is held in the memory stores

Question 4

What is the Sensory register store?

Answer 4

A store that is constantly getting information from all our senses. The information is quickly discarded or transferred to short-term memory

Question 5

What are the two types of memory in the sensory register store?

Answer 5

Iconic Memory: Visual Stimuli

Echoic Memory: Auditory Stimuli

Question 6

What is the duration of the sensory register?

Answer 6

250 milliseconds

Question 7

What is the capacity of the sensory register?

Answer 7

large (all sensory experiences that we encounter in our day-to-day life).

Question 8

What is the coding of the sensory register?

Answer 8

specific to each sense

Question 9

What is short term memory?

Answer 9

the point of processing sensory memory. This then determines whether information is moved into long-term memory or not.

Question 10

What is the duration of the STM?

Answer 10

18-30 seconds

Question 11

What is the capacity of STM?

Answer 11

seven +/- two items

Question 12

what is the coding of STM?

Answer 12

primarily acoustic

Question 13

what is the duration of LTM?

Answer 13

unlimited

Question 14

What is long term memory?

Answer 14

refers to unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods, even for life

Question 15

what is the capacity of LTM?

Answer 15

unlimited

Question 16

What is the coding of LTM?

Answer 16

primarily semantic

Question 17

who proposed the idea that there are two LTM stores with 3 sub stores?

Answer 17

Endel Tulving (1985)

Question 18

what ate the two types of LTM?

Answer 18

Explicit (declarative) and Implicit (non-declarative)

Question 19

What is the explicit memory made up of?

Answer 19

Episodic and Semantic memory

Question 20

What is the implicit memory made up of?

Answer 20

Procedural memory

Question 21

What is the definition of explicit memory?

Answer 21

Memories that we consciously try to remember and recall.

Question 22

What is semantic memory?

Answer 22

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts.

Question 23

What is episodic memory?

Answer 23

information about events we have personally experienced

Question 24

What is the definition of implicit memory?

Answer 24

Memories that are not part of our consciousness. They are memories formed from behaviours.

Question 25

What is procedural memory?

Answer 25

it stores information about how to do things. There is no conscious recall of procedural memory e.g., how to crawl or swim

Question 26

What did Hodges and Patterson (2007) found out about patients with Alzheimers?

Answer 26

They could form new episodic memories but not semantic memories. This suggests that episodic and semantic memory is in different stores.

Question 27

How does the case of Clive Wearing prove that there are different types of LTM?

Answer 27

Wearing’s procedural memory seemed intact (e.g. being able to dress himself and even play the piano) as well as his semantic memory (as he still understood the meaning of words), but his episodic memory was severely damaged. For example, the time stamp of when he last saw his wife Deborah

Question 28

How does Glanzer & Cunitz’s study (1966) (The Serial Position Effect) show support for the MSM?

Answer 28

Participants were given a list of common words to memorise. They were then asked to recall as many as possible.

Participants remembered more words from the beginning of the list (primary) because they had been transferred by rehearsal to the long-term memory. Words at the end of the list were still in the short-term memory (recency). This known as the serial position effect. This supports the theory that the STM and LTM are separate stores

Question 29

What are the limitations on the Serial Position Effect?

Answer 29

Lacks ecological validity – not how we use memory in everyday life.

Question 30

What is the case of HM?

Answer 30

HM suffered from severe epilepsy. He underwent surgery. However, the surgery went wrong and destroyed his hippocampus, leaving him with severe anterograde amnesia. This meant he was unable to make any new memories.

Question 31

What was the result of HM’s condition?

Answer 31

HM did have the ability to learn new motor skills, so his procedural memory was intact.

But HM could not make new episodic or semantic memories. He had a working memory as he was able to hold conversations.

HM’s issue was that his STM and LTM were no longer connected.

Question 32

How does Korsakoff’s syndrome support the MSM?

Answer 32

Chronic alcoholics sometimes develop Korsakoff’s syndrome, which causes brain damage.

However, it has little effect on STM, but severely impairs LTM. This suggests that STM and LTM are stored in different areas of the brain. This provides further evidence to support the multistore model of memory.

Question 33

What are the strengths of the MSM?

Answer 33

Researchers agree that the short-term memory and long-term memory are two distinct stores with supporting research showing information needs rehearsal and both stores have different capacity and duration.

The model was the first to provide a testable basis for further research into memory. This is done through various methods with much research agreeing on the MSM and its principles.

Much evidence comes from lab studies meaning they are reliable and can be replicated. Therefore, we can trust it making the model more valid.

Question 34

What are the limitations of the MSM?

Answer 34

The model appears too simple to explain the entirety of human memory as each store is very complex to be approached by a single idea.

The role of rehearsal cannot be enough to lead to duration of long-term memory as shown by studies such as Clive Wearing whose short-term memory damage prevented him from rehearsal.

While the model explores how much we can remember it doesn’t give much focus to what types of memory we can remember giving an incomplete model of memory.

The artificial setting of a lab is used in much research surrounding the model. Cannot be sure behaviour seen is reflective of true life.

It is unlikely that memory is linear. It is more likely to be interaction between the memory stores.

Question 35

What did Logie (1999)n state about LTM and STM?

Answer 35

stated that the short-term memory relies on long term memory so therefore the STM cannot come first. You can recall through meaning, and this is stored in the LTM

Question 36

What is the WMM?

Answer 36

proposed a multi-component model of STM, initially consisting of:
The central executive (CE).
The phonological loop (PL).
The visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS).
Episodic buffer (EB)

Question 37

What is the function of the central executive?

Answer 37

This manages attention, and controls/delegates information from the two ‘slave stores’.

Question 38

What are the sub stores of the Phonological loop?

Answer 38

• Phonological store (inner ear)
• Articulatory process (inner voice)

Question 39

What is the function of the articulatory rehearsal process?

Answer 39

acts like an inner voice rehearsing information from the phonological store. It circulates information round and round like a tape loop. This is how we remember a telephone number we have just heard

Question 40

What is the function of the phonological loop?

Answer 40

holds auditory speech information and the order in which it was heard (or any visually presented language converted by the articulatory process)

Question 41

What is the episodic buffer’s function?

Answer 41

Facilitates communication between the central executive and long-term memory.