Memory Flashcards
The multi-store memory model
The Information is inputed into our sensory register which contains two seperate stores called echoic and iconic. Then if we pay attention the information gets passed into our STM, this can be recalled and remembered for it to then go into our LTM. This then needs to be retrieved back to our STM for us to remember the info.
How is the STM coded?
Acoustically
How is the LTM coded?
Semantically
The Working memory model
The information is inputed in the central executive where it monitors incoming data and then allocates it to either the phonological loop or Visuo-spatial sketchpad depending on the type of information. The PL deals with auditory information and the info you can hear. The VSS focuses on visual information and the arrangement of objects in a visual field. Then the information gets stored in the episodic buffer where it waits to be passed in the LTM.
Types of observations
Covert
Overt
Participant
Non-participant
Naturalistic
Controlled
Types of LTM
Semantic
Episodic
Procedural
Central executive
monitors incoming data and allocates ‘slave systems’ to tasks.
Phonological loop
Deals with auditory information
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Stores visual information
Episodic buffer
Temporary store for information and recording episodes that are happening, before its passed onto LTM.
Working memory model conducted by
Baddeley and Hitch 1974
Interference Theory
Two pieces of information disrupt each other resulting in forgetting.
strengths of WMM
The WMM provides an explanation for parallel processing
A Shallice and Warrington (1974) case study reported that brain-damaged patient KF could recall verbal but not visual information immediately after its presentation, which supports the WMM’s claim that separate short-term stores manage short-term phonological and visual memories.
The model was developed based on evidence from laboratory experiments, so confounding variables could be carefully controlled
Weaknesses of WMM
too simplistic and vague, e.g. it is unclear what the central executive is, or its exact role in attention.
Results from laboratory experiments researching the WMM will often have low ecological validity
Retrieval failure theory
A form of forgetting, it occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access memory the memory is available but not accessible.
what is a cue?
a trigger of information that allows us to access memory.
EWT Misleading information?
Incorrect information given to an eye witness usually after the event it can take forms such as leading questions and post event-discussion.
EWT The effects of anxiety
Anxiety creates a physiological arousal in the body which prevents us paying attention and EWT is to look to important cues so recall is worse, therefore EWT may not be accurate because of this factor.
The cognitive interview
A type of interview used for EWT to retrieve infromation.
Reinstate the context
Recall events in reverse order
Report everything they can remember
Describe events from someone else’s point of view
Misleading information
what study should I evaluate?
Loftus (1975) believes that leading questions can have such a distorting effect on memory that police officers need to be careful about how they phrase their questions when interviewing eye witnesses. This shows that psychologists can help the way the legal system works, especially by protecting innocent people from unreliable EWT.
However - Loftus and Palmer (car experiment where witnesses watched collision of cars + verbs) This is a lab study so it lacked ecological validity so the results were not very valid, however it did show that the effects of misleading information may be more dependable than many studies suggest.
EWT effects of anxiety what study should I evaluate?
Cognitive interview which study should I evaluate?
Fisher et al. (1990) found that witnesses reported greater detail in their accounts of crimes when American detectives had been trained to use the technique.
- The technique is more structured than the standard technique, and it seems appropriate for crime-related interviews to be very thorough in order to gather the detail required for a useful testimony.
- Koehnken et al. (1999) found that witnesses recalled more incorrect information when interviewed with the cognitive interview compared to the standard interview technique, perhaps because more detailed recall increases the chances of making mistakes.
- The interview is far more time-consuming than the standard interview.
WMM what study should I evaluate?
MSM what study should I evaluate?
