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Psych 12 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Recall

A

to generate possible answers to identify the correct answer

ex test questions

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2
Q

Define Recognition

A

given possible answers and have to select the correct one

ex multiple choice

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3
Q

Define memory

A

any indication that learning has persisted over a period of time through the storage and retrieval of information

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4
Q

What are the three stages of memory

A

encoding, storage and retrieval

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5
Q

What is encoding?

A

getting information into the brain

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6
Q

What is storage?

A

retaining the information

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7
Q

What is retrieval?

A

getting the information back out of the brain

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8
Q

What is Mr.Greys fun fact about the penny?

A

The maple twig on the penny is botanically incorrect

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9
Q

What is encoding failure?

A

Not encoding everything

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10
Q

What do we decide to encode?

A

Anything that seems important to us

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11
Q

Why don’t we remember everything about the penny?

A

Not needed to differentiate it from other coins

We don’t need to encode everything, especially if it’s not necessary for survival

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12
Q

What are vivid memories?

A

Memories that are emotionally significant.

also referred to as “Flashbulb Memory”

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13
Q

What are the four factors that determine whether or not we encode information

A

we encode what

we focus on

give attention to

is important

is meaningful

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14
Q

Why do we form flashbulb memories?

A

They can be related to other ingrained memories

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15
Q

What is the three stage processing model?

A

sensory mem —> ST memory
<—retrieval—> LT memory

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16
Q

Define Sensory memory

A

External events that are processed and immediately recorded into the memory system

split second holding tank for incoming info

some goes into ST, most is not encoded

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17
Q

Define Short term memory

A

Memory that holds a small amount of info

all info goes to ST before LT or getting forgotten

also referred to as working memory

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18
Q

Define Long term memory

A

“permanent” storage, but LT memories can fade

thought to be unlimited

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19
Q

What are the basic distinctions between ST and LT memory?

A

Short Term
-limited capacity
-limited duration
-holding recent and relevant info in a temporary location

Long Term
-unlimited storage
-relatively permanent
-store for episodic and semantic memory

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20
Q

Explain the Serial Position effects

A

in recall, more items are recalled from the start (primacy effect) and at the end of the list (recency effect)

start of list —> primacy
end of list —> recency

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21
Q

Explain Milner’s Magic Number 7

A

the number of digits that can be repeated after one presentation

normal digit span = 7 +/- 2

Milner proposed that we can hold about 7 chunks/ pieces of meaningful information

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22
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Fleeting photographic memory

type of sensory memory

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23
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Fleeting Auditory memory

type of sensory memory

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24
Q

How do we choose what to encode from sensory memory?

A

we encode what’s meaningful, important and what we’re currently tending to

we have selective attention

25
Q

Explain the Reminiscence Bump

A

For people over 30 years old, there is a period of increased number or memories from their teens to mid 20s

thought to be formed because of the higher number of “firsts” in people’s lives (important/big events)

26
Q

What are false memories?

A

Memories that we believe to be real but are a result of either confusion, imagination, suggestion or a combination of the three

27
Q

Explain how memory is reconstructive

A

-when we recall memories we relive the moment through our current knowledge

memories are influenced by imagination, perception, social influences and knowledge

  • sometimes we “remember” things that never happened

-we may be as confident in our false memory as we are in our real ones

  • we are unaware of how reliable our memory can be and are overly confident in the accuracy of our memories
28
Q

What is Source Misattribution?

A

the inability to distinguish whether the original event or some later event was the source of the information

29
Q

What is the Mandela Effect?

A

a situation where a large mass of people believes that an event occurred when it did not

30
Q

What are the two techniques to implant false memories?

A

1.
ask and recall information on event, and slightly change it every time you get them to recall it

  1. edit a photo for visual evidence of a false memory
31
Q

What does normal/healthy aging look like?

A

-sensory declines (hearing/vision)

-general slowing of information processing

-intelligence remains stable

-mild decrease in
•ability to recall names, places, things
• mental flexibility
• memory

  • independence in daily activities preserved
32
Q

What is dementia?

A

a disease of the brain that causes a decline in memory and intellectual functioning severe enough to interfere with everyday life

*not healthy aging

33
Q

What is the difference between Alzheimer’s and Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s is one TYPE of dementia

34
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

a progressive, degenerative, neurological disease of the brain

steady decline in memory and cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with everyday life

not reversible

35
Q

List the four characteristics in the brain of someone with Alzheimer’s

A

-neurofibrillary tangles

-amyloid plaques

-decrease in chemicals that facilitate memory

-cell death

36
Q

Explain the Early, Middle and Late stages of Alzheimer’s

A

Early Stage
-forgetfulness, trouble multitasking
-showing up at the wrong time
-changes in personality and appearance
-preference for familiar things

Middle Stage
-fluctuating disorientation
-difficulty learning new things
-decline in recognition (friends, distant family, then more sig. relationships)
-mood and behaviour changes
-function declines
-wandering
-alterations in sleep and appetite

Late Stage
-severe disorientation to time and place
-no ST memory
-loss of speech, + bowel/bladder control
-difficulty walking
-doesn’t recognize family
-inability to survive without care

37
Q

Why is recognizing Alzheimer’s important?

A

5.1 million Americans have Alzheimer’s

50% are not diagnosed

1/3 of people with dementia require hospitalization each year

38
Q

What are some support and interventions available for people with Alzheimer’s?

A

medication

environment/safety adaptations

community programs

family education and support

39
Q

What makes recognizing Alzheimer’s Challenging?

A

-poor understanding of healthy aging

-baseline variability in education, intelligence, personality

-lack of insight = not seeking help

-belief that “nothing can be done” or that there is “no good medication treatment”

40
Q

What is Amnesia?

A

loss of memory ability

usually due to lesions (damage) or surgical removal of various parts of the brain

41
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

loss of memory for events PRIOR to damage

42
Q

What is Anterograde Amnesia?

A

loss of ability to store new memories AFTER damage

43
Q

What type of memory does Amnesia affect?

A

LONG TERM MEMORY

not short term or sensory

44
Q

What is Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A

Lesions to the Medial Thalamus

results from chronic alcoholism and consequent thiamine deficiency

causes severe anterograde amnesia

causes severe retrograde amnesia and usually results in confabulation

often unaware of their deficit

45
Q

What is Confabulation?

A

making up stories to explain the absence of memory

46
Q

What lead H.M to have brain surgery and what did they remove?

A

extreme epilepsy

removed both medial temporal lobes (containing hippocampus)

47
Q

What type of memory was affected for H.M after the surgery?

A

long term memory

he had a normal short term memory but nothing made it into long term

He had severe anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia 1-3 years prior to the surgery

procedural memory was mostly unaffected

48
Q

What happened to Clive Wearing to cause his Amnesia?

A

suffered from viral encephalitis, which is inflammation of the brain from a virus (herpes virus)

49
Q

What can you do to reduce memory loss with aging?

A

minimize stress

proper nutrition (eat veggies)

healthy lifestyle (exercise + sleep)

keep using ur brain (learn new things)

protect ur brain

50
Q

What is Hyperamnesia (S.)

A

“photographic” extreme memory ability

referred to as “a mnemonist”

able to recall test stimuli

51
Q

What are the two strategies used by S. for photographic recall?

A
  1. Rich Synesthesia - use his perception of stimuli —> leads to strong associative links
  2. vivid and elaborate mental imagery of things
52
Q

What is Synesthesia?

A

when you experience one of you senses through another

ex. listening to music and seeing shapes

helps link senses to items being remembered

53
Q

Where/ what is the hippocampus?

A

a brain structure in the temporal lobe

is part of the lymbic system

with the brains bilateral symmetry, we have 2 hippocampi

1 in each cerebral hemisphere

54
Q

What are the two roles of the hippocampus?

A

The formation of new episodic memories

Navigation and spatial memory

55
Q

Explain the link between vivid memories and smells

A

The hippocampus and the olfactory bulb (smell) are very close and the hippocampus extends neurons into the olfactory bulb

56
Q

Explain the link between vivid memories and emotions

A

the hippocampus is part of the limbic system which is responsible for emotion

this is why vivid memories are linked to emotionally significant events

57
Q

Explain the link between greater uses/needs for memory and the size of the hippocampus

A

The more you use your hippocampus, the larger it grows

ex taxi driver or chickadee

58
Q

What is an Episodic Memory?

A

the recollection of a personal experience that contains information on

what has happened

where

when it happened.

59
Q

Describe Clive Wearings Life with Amnesia

A

he had the memory of a goldfish, with his memory resetting every few seconds

even with that, he still found joy playing the piano and spending time with his wife.

Psych 12 (4 decks)

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