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Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Superior vs Inferior

A

describes vertical relationships between structures

Superior-above
(eyes to nose)

Inferior -below
(shin to knee)

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2
Q

Describe Lateral vs Medial

A

describes structures that are beside each other, as in left and right

lateral - towards the outside of the body (shoulder to sternum)

medial - towards the inside of body
(sternum to shoulder)

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3
Q

Describe Anterior/Rostral vs Posterior/Caudal

A

directions that describe in front or behind

anterior/rostral - towards the front of body (nose to brain)

posterior/caudal - toward the back of body (spine to sternum)

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4
Q

Describe Superficial vs Deep

A

describes distance near or far from the surface

superficial- near surface
(skin to muscles)

deep - how far away from surface
(heart to sternum)

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5
Q

Describe ventral vs dorsal

A

describes underneath or on top of each other

ventral- toward the bottom of body (belly button to spine)

dorsal - toward the top of body
(shoulder blade to heart)

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6
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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7
Q

Describe the Cerebrum

A

largest division of the brain, divided into two hemispheres, that is divided into four lobes

the cerebral cortex and cortical regions

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8
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

outermost layer of grey matter making up the superficial aspect of the cerebrum

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9
Q

What are Gyri?

A

Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain

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10
Q

What are Sulci + example?

A

small grooves dividing the gyri

central sulcus - divides the frontal and parietal lobes

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11
Q

What are fissures?

name the three important ones.

A

deep grooves generally dividing large regions of the brain

Longitudinal Fissure- divides cerebral hemispheres

Transverse Fissure- divides cerebrum from cerebellum

Sylvian/Lateral - divides the temporal from the frontal and parietal

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12
Q

What are the cortical regions of the Frontal Lobe?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

Broca’s Area

Orbitofrontal cortex

Olfactory Bulb

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13
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Cortex located and what is it responsible for?

A

pre central gyrus

responsible for controlling movements of the body

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14
Q

Describe Motor Homunculus

A

a graphic representation of the divisions of the brain responsible for areas of the body

the amount of motor cortex is not proportionate to the size of the body part, but how much precision it uses

hands, mouth, eyes then face, followed by the rest of the body

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15
Q

Where is Broca’s area located, and what is it responsible for?

A

located in the LEFT frontal lobe

responsible for speech production

patients with damage to their posterior, inferior frontal gyrus exhibited issues with speech

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16
Q

Who were the two examples of Broca’s Aphasia that we learned?

A

Leborgne (tan) —> could only say tan

Lelong —> could say yes, no, three, always and lelo

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17
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

an acquired language disorder that can affect: writing, reading, speaking and listening

results from brain damage

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18
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

individuals who know what they want to say, but cannot get it out

able to comprehend words and sentences but are generally unable to generate fluent speech or writing.

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19
Q

Where is the orbitofrontal cortex located and what is it responsible for?

A

located directly above the orbits (eyes)

responsible for emotion and reward in decision making and expectation

involved in signaling the expected rewards/punishment of an action

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20
Q

What surgery was performed in the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Lobotomies - used to treat aggression, schizophrenia, moodiness and depression

performed using an ice pic and a knife

afterwards —> dull, passive, without purpose

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21
Q

Where is the Olfactory Bulb located and what is it responsible for?

A

located at the most inferior portion of the frontal lobe

responsible for olfaction (smell)

transmits smell info from nose to brain

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22
Q

What are the cortical regions of the Parietal Lobe?

A

primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
primary gustatory cortex

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23
Q

Where is the general parietal lobe located?

A

located superior to the temporal and occipital , and posterior to the frontal lobe and central sulcus

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24
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located and what is it responsible for?

A

located at the post central gyrus

responsible for processing tactile and proprioceptive information

tactile (temp, touch, pain)

proprioceptive (awareness of body and body parts in space and relation to each other)

each cerebral hemisphere contains a tactile representation of the opposite side of the brain

ex left hand is interpreted by the left somatosensory cortex

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25
Describe the Sensory Homunculus
organized by tactile sensory more sensitive to touch, the larger representation teeth, gums, tongue, genitals
26
What is the main difference between sensory and motor homunculus?
Motor is based off of movement (hands, feet, mouth) sensory isn’t based off of movement but more of sensation (teeth, gums, genitals)
27
What is Phantom Pain and when does it occur?
pain in a limp that is no longer there, after an amputation or loss of body part mirrors help
28
What is Hemineglect?
when an individual no longer pays attention to or is no longer aware of one side of their body Damage to the temporo -parietal junction and/or the posterior parietal cortex the side being neglected is opposite to the side of the brain that received damage damage right = neglect left
29
Does hemineglect always result in a loss of sensation?
no, it does not mean that the limb has no sensation, it may be be associated as non exsistent sometimes there is lack of sensation
30
What are some extreme cases of hemineglect?
eating half a plate of food not shaving half of face or only half face of makeup drawing a clock, they might only show numbers 12-6 or draw all numbers on one side drawing an item—> may only draw half
31
What is the responsibility of the Somatosensory Association Cortex?
it is responsible for the integration and interpretation of sensation, relative to body position and orientation in space may assist with visu-motor coordination ex: hand eye coordination
32
What is the Primary Gustatory Cortex responsible for?
it is the primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation of taste scientists have identified which neurons respond to sweetness, saltiness, bitterness and sourness
33
Where is the Occipital lobe located and what is it responsible for?
located posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes it’s responsible for processing, interpretation, integration etc of visual stimuli
34
What are the regions of the Occipital Lobe?
primary visual cortex visual association area fusiform gyrus
35
What is the Primary Visual Cortex responsible for?
primary area of the brain responsible for sight recognition of size, colour, light, motions, dimensions etc
36
Explain the Visual Pathway
1. **Retina** light stimulus is sensed by the rods and cones of the retina 2. **Optic nerve** visual information travels through the optic nerve 3. **Optic chiasm** visual information from the nasal halves of the retina cross at the optic chiasm 4. **Optic tract** the visual information now travels through the optic tract towards the thalamus 5. **Lateral geniculate nucleus** *thalamus the lateral geniculate nucleus acts as a relay station for visual information 6. **Optic radiations** the visual information then travels through optic radiations towards the primary visual cortex 7. **Primary Visual cortex** the visual information is retrieved by the primary visual cortex where the image is reformed inside your brain
37
Describe Cortical Blindness
a type of blindness cause by damage to the primary visual cortex the retinas are fully functional but the info is not able to be processed by the brain
38
Describe Retinal Blindness
when the visual stimuli cannot be perceived by the retinas rods and cones
39
What is the Visual Association Area responsible for?
responsible for interpreting information acquired through the primary visual cortex the region that makes sense of what you see
40
Where is the Fusiform Gyrus located?
long spanning across the occipital and temporal lobe, located at the occipitotemporal gyrus found inferior to the hippocampus and near the caudal surface of the cerebrum
41
What is the primary function of the Fusiform Gyrus?
face and body recognition, word recognition and processing color information damage to this region results in prosopagnosia
42
Describe Prosopagnosia
face blindness individuals with prosopagnosia can recognize that faces are faces, can recognize the individual parts of the face, but cannot identity the ownership of a face rely on other cues to identify a person —> clothing, hair, voice, mannerisms would not be able to recognize themselves from photos
43
What are the regions of the Temporal Lobe?
limbic system primary auditory cortex primary olfactory cortex wernickes area
44
What are the structures of the limbic system?
hypothalamus thalamus amygdala cingulate gyrus
45
Where is the Hypothalamus and what is it responsible for?
located superior to the pituitary glad and inferior the thalamus responsible for homeostasis regulates temp and blood pressure regulates sexual, hormonal behavior and automatic body functions regulates sleep patterns via suprachiasmatic nucleus
46
Explain the Division of the Hypothalamus and what the areas are responsible for
lateral hypothalamus -located anterior and posterior of the hypothalamus -recognizes need for food, water, sexual desire ventromedial hypothalamus -recognizing satisfaction/satiation
47
What would happen if you damaged any of the three areas of the Hypothalamus?
**hypothalamus**- cannot retain homeostasis, such as blood pressure or body temp, would be fatal **lateral hypothalamus**- starvation, lack of sexual arousal and hormones **ventromedial hypothalamus**- obesity—> delayed satisfaction
48
Where is the Thalamus located?
located medially in the brain, superior to the top of the brain stem in between the cerebral cortex ( outer layer) and mid brain
49
What is the Diencephalon?
part of the brain composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
50
What is the function of the Thalamus?
acts as a relay station of movement and sensory information to the cerebral cortex. every sense except taste goes through the Thalamus thalamus regulates sleeping and waking, arousal and level of awareness
51
What can result from damage to the Thalamus?
insomnia, comas, and disruption of senses and connections also, thalamic pain syndrome occurs after stroke,—> where half of the body becomes hypersensitive to pain than where the stroke occurred case study- Karen Ann Quinlan passed out for 15 mins, unresponsive, then was resuscitated and fell into coma all bc of damage to thalamus
52
Where is the amygdala located and what is it responsible for?
located in the temporal lobes, two almond shaped structures responsible for processing memory and emotional responses responsible for emotional stimuli, specifically fear and anxiety, reduces response to stress
53
What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome and how was it discovered?
behavioral disorder that occurred when both medial temporal lobes are damaged results in docility, dietary changes, hyperorality (put things in mouth), hypersexuality, and visual agnosia ( unable to recognize familiar objects and people) discovered by Kluver and Bucky removing amygdalas from monkeys which resulted in low emotional responses, loss of fear and hypersexuality
54
Where is the Cingulate Gyrus and what is it responsible for?
curls around the corpus callosum involved in regulating heartbeats and blood pressure as well as processing error detection regulates emotions and pain, and fear and prediction
55
What happens if the Cingular Gyrus is damaged?
result in loss of respiratory control, death by suffocation as well as abnormal heart rates and problems with detecting errors
56
Where is the Primary Auditory Cortex located and what is it responsible for?
located on the superior temporal gyrus, just inferior to the lateral fissure responsible for processing all auditory information and hearing auditory info goes from the ears to the thalamus, then to the primary auditory cortex relays at the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
57
Describe Unilateral and Bilateral Deafness and how do they occur?
occur from damage to the primary auditory cortex unilateral- one side, slight hearing loss bilateral- both sides, resulted in cortical deafness —> ears work fine, brain doesn’t
58
Where is the Primary Olfactory Cortex and what is it responsible for?
located deep within the temporal lobe interprets smell nose—>olfactory bulb—> olfactory cortex only sense that does not go through thalamus
59
Where is Wernicke’s Area located and what is it responsible for?
located in the left hemisphere, both posterior and superior to the temporal lobe responsible for understanding written and spoken language
60
What happens when there is damage to Wernicke’s Area?
Wernicke’s Aphasia individuals can produce fluent speech but it is repetitive and mostly nonsense
61
What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?
a white matter tract that connects Broca’s area to Wernicke’s Area through the temporal, parietal and frontal line allows for comprehensible speech
62
What happens if the Arcuate Fasciculus is damaged?
may result in conductive aphasia auditory comprehension and speech articulate are fine, but individuals find it difficult to repeat speech
63
Where is the cerebellum located and what is it responsible for?
located inferior to the transverse fissure separate from the rest of cerebrum responsible for coordination, precision and accurate timing of motor movement damage produces disorders in fine movements, posture and balance

Psych 12 (4 decks)

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