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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is coding?

A

The format in which info is stored

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2
Q

Who did research on coding?

A

Baddeley (1966)

He gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember

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3
Q

What is capacity?

A

The amount of time info can be held for

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4
Q

What is the duration?

A

Length of time info can be held

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5
Q

How is STM coded?

A

Acoustically

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6
Q

How is LTM coded?

A

Semantically

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7
Q

What is the capacity of the STM?

A

7+/-2 seconds

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8
Q

What is the capacity of the LTM?

A

Unlimited

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of the LTM?

A
  • potentially permanent memory store
  • unlimited capacity
    -can last up to a lifetime
    -info is coded semantically
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10
Q

What are some characteristics of STM?

A
  • limited capacity
  • info coded acoustically
  • lasts about 18-30 secs unless rehearsed
  • if we rehearse it long enough, it’ll pass to LTM
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11
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

when we repeat material to ourselves over and over again

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12
Q

Who developed the MSMoM?

A

Atkinson and Shiffin

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13
Q

What is the MSMoM?

A
  • Describes how info flows through the memory system
  • Suggests memory is made up of 3 stores, linked by processing
  • It also describes how info is remembered and forgotten
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14
Q

MSMoM
What is the sensory register?

A
  • The environmental stimulus will pass through into the sensory register
  • It has high capacity, a duration less than a second and very little info that enters goes any further
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15
Q

What are the 2 stores within the sensory register?

A

Iconic - coded visually
Echoic - coded acoustically

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16
Q

Who came up with the idea of there being 3 LTM stores?

A

Tulving (1985) realised the view of LTM was too simplistic and flexible

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17
Q

What are the 3 LTM stores?

A

Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory

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18
Q

What is episodic memory?

A
  • memories of events from our lives
  • memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort
  • Memories are time stamped

Eg what you ate for breakfast this morning

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19
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • Our knowledge of the world (facts)
  • Memories aren’t time-stamped
  • Usually need to recall these memories deliberately

Eg knowing the taste of an orange

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20
Q

What is procedural memory?

A
  • Actions, skills, how we do things
  • Can be recalled without conscious awareness or a great deal of effort

Eg driving a car, changing gear without thinking about it

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21
Q

Who was the working memory model proposed by?

A

Baddeley and Hitch (1974)

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22
Q

What is the working memory model?

A
  • Explains how STM is organised and how it functions
    -Looks at the part of the mind which is active when we are temporarily storing and manipulating info
23
Q

What are the different components in the WMM?

A

Central Executive
Phonological loop
Visio spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

24
Q

What is the central executive?

A
  • Directs attention and makes decisions
    -Allocates slave systems to tasks
  • Info arrives from senses or the LTM
  • Very limited capacity
  • Modality free loading
25
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A
  • Deals with auditory info
  • Preserves order of info
  • Limited capacity
  • Coded acoustically
26
Q

What is the phonological loop further divided into?

A

Phonological store
Articulatory Process

27
Q

What does the phonological store do?

A

Holds the words we hear

28
Q

What does the articulatory process do?

A

Used for maintenance rehearsal
Words we read or hear are silently repeated in a loop
Capacity of ~2 seconds worth of words

29
Q

What does the episodic buffer do?

A

Temporary overspill for info received by the CE
Integrates info from all the stores
Limited capacity - approx 4 chunks

30
Q

What does the visuospatial sketchpad do?

A

Holds static images and manipulates them
Deals with visual and spatial info
Limited capacity ~3-4 objects
Coded visually

31
Q

What is the VSS further divided into?

A

Visual cache
Inner scribe

32
Q

What does the visual cache do?

A

Holds colours, shapes and quantities

33
Q

What does the inner scribe do?

A

Deals with spatial info e.g distances

34
Q

What are the stages of a cognitive interview?

A
  1. Report everything
  2. Reinstate the context
  3. Reverse the order
  4. Change perspective
35
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

When info is initially placed into memory cues and stored at the same time
If the cues aren’t present at the time of recall, it may appear info is forgotten
In fact, the info is still there, but it can’t be accessed

36
Q

What is an eye witness testimony?

A

The ability for people to remember details of events which they have observed. Accuracy can be affected by factors such as leading questions, misleading info or anxiety

37
Q

What is misleading info?

A

Incorrect info given to eyewitnesses in forms like leading questions and post-event discussion

38
Q

What is a leading question?

A

Question which suggests a certain answer because its phrased in a particular way

39
Q

What is post-event discussion?

A

More than one witness to an event may influence accuracy of recall

40
Q

What is a piece of research surrounding leading questions?

A

Loftus and Palmer (1974) - students watched clips of a car accident and were given questions about the accident however, there were different verbs in each question

41
Q

What were the different questions asked in the Loftus and Palmer research?

A
  1. How fast were the cars travelling when they hit each other?
  2. contacted
  3. bumped
  4. collided
  5. smashed
42
Q

What were the findings of the Loftus and Palmer research?

A

Mean speed was calculated for each group
Contacted was the slowest speed- 31.8
Smashed was the highest- 40.5

43
Q

What happens when interference takes place as an explanation for forgetting?

A

It occurs when 2 pieces of info conflict which can result in forgetting one or distortion of the memory]
Interference is mainly concerned with LTM

44
Q

What are the two types of interference?

A

Proactive: interferes with a newer memory
Retroactive: new memory interferes with an older one

45
Q

Who did research on interference?

A

McGeoch and McDonald

46
Q

What did McGeoch and McDonald do?

A

Measured retroactive interference by changing the amount of similarity between 2 sets of materials
Participants had to remember a set of words so they could recall all of them, then learned a new list - 6 lists

47
Q

What were the 6 groups in McGeoch and McDonalds research?

A
  1. synonyms
  2. antonyms
  3. words unrelated to others
  4. consonant syllables
  5. 3-digit numbers
  6. no new list to learn
47
Q

What were the findings of McGeoch and McDonalds research?

A

Recall was worse when 2 lists were similar in meaning - synonyms

48
Q

Who is the research by for misleading info?

A

Gabbert et al - participants in pairs watched a video of the same crime but from different points of view

49
Q

What were the findings of Gabberts research?

A

71% mistakenly recalled aspects of the event they didn’t see but picked up in discussion
0% for the control group

50
Q

What was the conclusion for Gabberts research?

A

Witnesses go along with each other

51
Q
A
52
Q
A

Psychology (10 decks)

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