Memory Flashcards
recognise the duration and capacity of sensory memory (including iconic and echoic), and short-term and long-term memory
There are three main types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory.
sensory memory is the intial brief store of memory. lasting between 0.2 miliseconds and 3 seconds, where enviromental cues and information is received by our senses. It can be separated into iconic memory, which is the visual memory, and echoic memory, which is the auditory memory.
Short-term memory lasts 15-30 seconds and is where information is retained long enough to use shortly after receving it.
Long-term memory is unlimited and is where information is encoded and stored to retrieve throughout life. There are different types of long-term memory that are stored in semantic networks. These include implicit memories, related to actions and conditioned responses (procedurakl memories), and explicit memories, related to memories of events (episodic memories) and memories of facts and knowledge (semantic memories).
evaluate two models of memory, including:
- the working model of memory (Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch 1974), including the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer
- the levels of processing (LOP) model of memory, including the role of encoding in long-term memory
There are two key models of memory. These are the working memory model and the levels of processing (LOP) model of memory.
explain how information is stored in long-term memory with reference to implicit (procedural) and explicit (episodic and semantic) memory.
Implicit memory: are unconscious, and do not need to be intentionally recalled.
Explicit memory: are memories that are consciously retrieved, and can be further divided into semantic memories and episodic memories.
describe the role of the hippocampus in memory formation and storage
The hippocampus and the cerebellum are two key brain structures involved in memory. The hippocampus establishes the context of new memories and is important for forming explict memories as well as memories for complex tasks. It is also where the consolidation of memories and the transfer of new memories for storage occurs. The cerebellum stores and retrieves procedural memories, and plays a role in the formation of classically conditioned responses
Consider the role of the cerebellum in forming and storing implicit (procedural) memories
distinguish between recall, recognition and relarning
There are three key methods of memory retrieval: recall, recognition and relearing. Recall refers to when information is retrieved using minimal cues, recognition refers to classifying correct information among incorrect pieces of information, and relearning refers to learning again something that has been previously stored in memory.
describe how information is lost from memory through encoding failure, retrieval failure and interference effects
Information is lost from memory through encoding failure, retrieval failure and interference effects. The encoding specificity principle suggest that while trying to learn new infomation and internal or external cue occurs that affect how much can be remebered. The retrieval failure theory suggest that we never really forget information; it is only that we do not have the correct retrieval cue to access the information that is stored in the long-term memory. The interference theroy of forgetting suggest that newly learnt infromation or information learnt earlier on in life can interfere or compete with our memories
discuss strategies to improve memory including chunking, rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative) and mnemonics (e.g. the method of loci and SQ4R method - survey, question, read, recite, relate and review).
There are some techniques that can be employed to improve memory encoding and recall. These include chunking, rehearsal and mnemonics.
