Memory

Question 1

What is the Modal Model of Memory?

Answer 1

Sensory memory store - very brief
Short term memory
Long term memory - essentially permanent

Question 2

What is Sensory memory? What is its capacity, duration and function?

Answer 2

Function: Sustain sensations for identification
Capacity: Very large (“scenic”)
Duration: Very short (3 secs or less)

Question 3

What is Short-term memory? What is its capacity, duration and function?

Answer 3

Duration: 10-15 seconds without rehearsal
Function: Do conscious work; to think
Capacity: 7 plus or minus 2 items or “chunks”

Question 4

What is long-term memory? What is its capacity, duration and function?

Answer 4

Capacity: Enormous (unlimited)
Duration: Very long (essentially permanent)
Function: Tie together past and present, prior experience to guide our behavior

Question 5

Attention

Answer 5

Attention: Selects info from Sensory memory

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

Trying to remember & keeps it in working / Short term memory

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

Encoding: How you think about information in short term memory (get into long term memory)

Question 8

Retrieval

Answer 8

Retrieval: Brings information from long term memory to working memory

Question 9

What kind of problems did Clive Wearing have?

Answer 9

Musician, no past or future / just a moment to moment consciousness; perceives the world normally, he remembers his wife but not that he has seen her so he has some long term memory about who she is, gets very angry

If something can be lost while something else is perceived it suggests those are two different parts of memory

Question 10

What type of errors can lead to false memory?

Answer 10

Imagining nonexistent actions or events
Gist-based memories - remembering the general global event vs. specific details
Asking a question vs. a statement

Question 11

What are heuristics?

Answer 11

Rules of thumb that produce quick results but leave room for errors
Humans use these

Question 12

What are algorithms?

Answer 12

A procedure that always produces a correct solution
Computer uses these

Question 13

What is the representativeness heuristic?

Answer 13

occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation

Question 14

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 14

occurs when we judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can recall similar events

Question 15

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 15

Our tendency to cherry-pick information that confirms our existing beliefs or ideas

Question 16

What are Functional fixedness and Duncker’s candle problem? What helps people to solve the Duncker’s candle problem quickly?

Answer 16

Functional fixedness: We don’t see what can used to solve the problem because it is currently serving another purpose

Duncker would bring people into the lab and sit them at a table with a cork board in front of them with props in front of them. Problem is to attach the candle to the corkboard in a way that can be safely burned. Key to the problem is the box.

Repeated the candle problem, when you labeled the box and tacks separately they solved the problem more quickly. Broke functional fixedness, and changed how participants reasoned and solved problems

Question 17

What were the findings of research on the question of whether labels help or hurt memory for pictures?

Answer 17

Labels can impact how we remember pictures - more consistent with the label (eye glasses vs. dumbbell) and more likely to remember

Question 18

What is linguistic determinism?

Answer 18

that the semantic structure of a particular language determines the structure of mental categories among its speakers. Language determines thought.

English - 1 work for snow, Inuit - 7 words for snow

Question 19

What is linguistic relativity?

Answer 19

The language that you speak determines how you perceive, think about, and remember the world around you