Memory

Question 1

Capacity, duration and coding - name the research evidence that supports short-term memory capacity ?

Answer 1

Miller

Question 2

Capacity, duration and coding - what did Millar investigate ?

Answer 2

• meta analysis of serial recall tests of digit spans
  Where participants asked to recall string of numbers and letters to see how many items participants could remember to determine the short term memory capacity

Question 3

Capacity, duration and coding - findings of Millar?

Answer 3

Capacity of the short term memory is
5 - 9 items as most participants were unable to recall after 9 items
Magic number 7 so 7+2 or 7-2 = 5-9

Question 4

Capacity, duration and coding - relevance/ what does miller support ?

Answer 4

Supports the capacity of the short term memory

Question 5

Capacity, duration and coding - name the research evidence that supports short-term memory duration ?

Answer 5

Peterson and Peterson

Question 6

Capacity, duration and coding - procedure of Peterson and Peterson ?

Answer 6

Asked participants to count backwards and threes while trying to recall three consonant trigrams e.g LGP

Question 7

Capacity, duration and coding - findings of Peterson and Peterson?

Answer 7

At 3 seconds = 90% of participants could remover trigram
However at 18 seconds = only 2% could recall trigram

Question 8

Capacity, duration and coding - relevance/ what does Peterson and Peterson support ?

Answer 8

Support the duration of short term memory = 18-30 seconds

Question 9

Capacity, duration and coding - name the research that supports duration of long term memory ?

Answer 9

Bahrick

Question 10

Capacity, duration and coding - procedure of bahrick ?

Answer 10

Asked participants to name people from their high school by looking at year book photos looked at 15 years after high school at 48 years after high school

Question 11

Capacity, duration and coding - findings of bahrick ?

Answer 11

After 15 years - 90% recall
After 48 years - 70% recall

Question 12

Capacity, duration and coding - relevance/ what does bahrick support ?

Answer 12

The duration of long term memory, can last a life time however the is some decay the more time that goes past

Question 13

Capacity, duration and coding - name the key research on coding of long term and short term memory?

Answer 13

Baddely

Question 14

Capacity, duration and coding - what did baddley find ?

Answer 14

Found that long term memory and short term memory are coded differently
Short term memory - acousticlly
Long term memory -semanticly

Question 15

Key Case study’s - name the names of two patient case study’s ?

Answer 15

Patient KF
Patient HM

Question 16

What happened to patient KF and what were the effects of this ?

Answer 16

Patient KF had a motorcycle accident and damaged what seemed to be his short term memory

His memory for verbal information was impaired and his memory for visual information was unaffected
Short term memory

Question 17

Why does patient KF NOT support the multi store model ?

Answer 17

Capacity for verbal information in short term memory was impaired but capacity for visual information in the short term memory was unaffected
- capacity is different from each aspect of STM as one was unaffected and the other was not suggesting separate stores for short term memory so doesn’t support multisotre model as it only has one store for STM

Question 18

Why does patient KF support the working memory model?

Answer 18

Because of patient KFs different capacity for STM visual and verbal information, supports working memory modal as it shows more then one store of short term memory

Question 19

What happened to patient HM and what were the effects of this ?

Answer 19

Had hippocampus removed - was able to make new procedural memories but didn’t have the ability to make semantic and episodic memories
- could remember things from before e.g still had his personality

Question 20

Why does patient HM contradict with the working memory model and the multi store model ?

Answer 20

Shows that long term memory has multiple stores both the MSM and WMM don’t account for this .

Question 21

Why may patient HM support the distinction between explicit and implicit types of LTM

Answer 21

Patient HMs ability to make certain long term memories was impaired
Couldn’t make episodic or procedural LTMs - explicit
Could make new procedural- implicit

Question 22

Multi store model - name research that supports the idea that long term memory and short term memory is separate ? … G_____& C_____

Answer 22

Glazer and cunitz

Question 23

Multi store model - What did glanzer and cunitz do ?

Answer 23

Found that people are most likely to remember words at the beginning and end of list
- this is called the serial position effect

Question 24

What is the serial position effect and who discovered it and why does it support multi store model ?

Answer 24

Glazer and cunitz - most likely to remember words at the beginning and end of lists - supports idea that long term memory and short term memory are separate.

Question 25

Working memory model - name of research that found duel task technique.

Answer 25

Gathercole + baddley

Question 26

Working memory model- what did gathercole and baddley find and why does it support the WMM?

Answer 26

Duel task technique - we can do verbal and visual tasks simultaneously but not two verbal or two visual
Supports WMM because shows that STM is more then one store

Question 27

Who came up with the working memory model?

Answer 27

Baddley and hitch

Question 28

Who came up with the multi store model?

Answer 28

Atkinson and shiffrin

Question 29

Explanations for forgetting - Name the research evidence that supports proactive interference ?

Answer 29

Underwood

Question 30

Explanations for forgetting - what did underwood find and why does it support proactive interference ?

Answer 30

Participants asked to memories and recall several word lists found better at recalling words in earlier lists
Supports proactive interference as the old/past memories or information is effecting the new ones
The earlier past learnt word lists make it hard to remember new ones and then recall the later ones

Question 31

Explanations for forgetting - Name the research evidence that supports retroactive interference ?

Answer 31

Muller

Question 32

Explanations for forgetting - what did muller find and why does it support retroactive interference?

Answer 32

Muller asked participants to learn a list of nonsense syllables and then recall them
- however he asked some participants to complete a distraction task between learning and recall
- those who had a distraction task performed worse
Supporting retroactive interference because the distraction task or new information interfered with the ability to recall the list of syalballs learnt before the task - new learning/memory had interfered with the old one and caused it to be forgotten = retroactive interference

Question 33

Explanations for forgetting - Name the research evidence that shows that memories are not lost forever ?

Answer 33

Ceraso

Question 34

Explanations for forgetting - what did Ceraso find ?

Answer 34

Did an interference experiment similar to most results however tested participants again 24 hours later for recognition rather then recall and found that some memories are maintained and are not completely forgotten

Question 35

Explanations for forgetting - Name the research evidence that supports context dependent forgetting ?

Answer 35

Godden and baddeley

Question 36

Explanations for forgetting - what did godden and baddeley find and how does this support context dependent forgetting?

Answer 36

Participants learnt word lists either on ground or underwater (scuba) then tested on recall ability either on land or in water found recall was better if conditions were the same during learning and recall
Supports context dependent forgetting - environmental cues of where we learnt information is coded in with our memory so a sense of cues is due to different environment/context recall better when in same conditions when learning and recalling

Question 37

Explanations for forgetting - Name the research evidence that supports state dependent forgetting ?

Answer 37

Goodwin et al

Question 38

Explanations for forgetting - what did Goodwin et al find and why does this support state dependent forgetting?

Answer 38

Asked participants to learn word list whilst either drunk or sober (state) they were then tested either in a sober or drunk state
Found recall was worse if participant was in a different state at learning and recall better if drunk and drunk or sober and sober
Supports state dependent forgetting - information more available if in same state = more cues

Question 39

What did the innocence project find about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony’s ?

Answer 39

72% of the convictions overturned by DNA evidence involved an inaccurate eyewitness testimony

Question 40

What three factors affect eyewitness testimony’s

Answer 40

Leading questions ,post event discussion, anxiety

Question 41

EWT - name the research that looked at leading questions as a factor effecting EWT?

Answer 41

Loftus and palmer

Question 42

EWT - leading questions, procedure of loftus and palmer ?

Answer 42

Asked participants to watch video clips of car crashes after which the participants were given a questionnaire, and also describe the accident and a series of spefic questions about the video
1 critical question “ how fast were the cars going when they ___ each other”
Altered the verb 5 times had 5 different versions of the question

Question 43

EWT - leading questions, what are the 5 verbs used in loftus and palmer ?

Answer 43

Smashed, collided, bumped, hit and contacted

Question 44

EWT - leading questions, results of the verb smashed of loftus and palmer ?

Answer 44

Average speed given when the question used verb smashed was = 41pmh the highest average

Question 45

EWT - leading questions, results of the verb contacted of loftus and palmer ?

Answer 45

Average speed given when the verb was contacted was 32 mph this was the lowest

Question 46

EWT - leading questions, conclusions of loftus and palmer ?

Answer 46

Concluded that a whitenesses memory and answer can be influenced by leading questions

Question 47

EWT - name the research that looked at post event discussion as a factor effecting EWT?

Answer 47

Gabbert

Question 48

EWT - what did gabbert do and find regarding post event discussion as a factor effecting EWT?

Answer 48

Show participants in the co witness condition two different videos of the same event and then allowed them to discuss and then undergo an interview
- 71% recalled information they had not actually seen
A further 60% said they thought the girl was guilty, she had not committed a crime in their version of the video

Question 49

EWT - what conclusions did gabbert draw about post event discussion as a factor effecting EWT?

Answer 49

Post event discussion has an effect on an eyewitness testimony a witnesses memory can be influenced by a post event discussion to the extent of falsely accusing somebody

Question 50

EWT - Johnson and Scott procedure

Answer 50

Johnson and scott asked participants to sit in a waiting room before the experiment.
group 1 was the non-weapon group
group 2 was the weapon group
Group 1 overhead a conversation next door before a man left the room carrying a pen with hands covered in grease group 2 overhead a heated discussion and the sound of breaking class before a man left the room carrying a knife with hands covered in blood
Participants then shown 50 different photos of different men asked to identify the correct person

Question 51

EWT - Johnson and Scott findings regarding anxiety as a factor effecting eyewitness testimony ?

Answer 51

1. No weapon group - 49% identified man correctly
2. Weapon group - 33% identified man correctly
   They called this weapon focus

Question 52

EWT - Johnson and Scott conclusions regarding anxiety as a factor effecting eyewitness testimony ?

Answer 52

Believed that anxiety had a negative effect on whiteness recall perhaps because participants were only focusing on weapon - weapon focus thus is when a weapon creates anxiety and draw’s focus away from situation and to the weapon meaning decreased awareness of perpetrators appearance and action

Question 53

Cognitive interview - name the key research evidence to support cognitive interview ?

Answer 53

Kohnken

Question 54

Cognitive interview - what did kohnken do and find that supports the usefulness of the cognitive interview ?

Answer 54

Meta analysis of 53 studies - kohnken found that using the cognitive interview improved recall accuracy by 34%
81% increase in correct information
61 % increase in incorrect information