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Psychology Paper 1 - Key Evidance and Studys > Attachemnts > Flashcards

Attachemnts Flashcards

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1
Q

Caregiver - infant interactions - name of key study ?

A

Meltzoff and Moore

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2
Q

Caregiver - infant interactions - what did metzoff and Moore do and find regarding caregiver- infant interactions ?

A

Adults displayed one of three facial expressions e.g sticking tongue out
Child and adult were filmed from multiple angles and watched back in slow motion
Found a clear association between expression and action of the child
- infants as young as 2 weeks were able to imitate specific facial expressions and hand gestures = showing synchronicity

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3
Q

Caregiver - infant interactions - metzoff and Moore inter rater observer reliability ?

A

Inter rater reliability was 0.92 as study was watched by many researchers all giving it this

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4
Q

Stages of attachment - name of researchers who carried out longitudinal study of Glaswegian babies ?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

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5
Q

Stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson do and what did this lead to ?

A

Carried out a study on families in Glasgow and from their observations they developed a 4 stage model of attachment

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6
Q

Stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson name the 4 stages of attachment and ages that go along with them ?

A
  1. Asocial - first few weeks of life
  2. Indiscriminate- 2-6 months
  3. Specific - 7 months
  4. Multiple - from 8 months usually around 12
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7
Q

Stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson outline the Asocial stage of attachment?

A

In this stage babies have no concept of life or intersection and respond the same to objects as they do humans first few weeks of life - asocial- no interaction

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8
Q

Stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson outline the indiscriminate stage of attachment?

A

The infant has a preference for familiar people however they do not show a preference they also don’t experience separation or stranger anxiety

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9
Q

Stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson outline the specific stage of attachment?

A

In this stage the infant show’s preference for one primary attachment figure they experience anxiety from separation and strangers Schaffer and Emerson found that was mother 65% of time and farther 3% of time

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10
Q

Stages of attachment- Schaffer and Emerson outline the multiple stage of attachment?

A

Most infants eventually form several attachments to different people 75% by 18 months

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11
Q

Animal studies - Name the two animals studies ?

A
  • Harlow
  • Lorenz
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12
Q

Animal studies - what did Harlow find ?

A

Monkey more attached to cloth mother that gave them comfort rather then wired one that gave them food monkeys also had critical period of 90 days

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13
Q

Animal studies - what did Lorenz find ?

A

12 goose eggs hatched 6 with surrogate mother and 6 in an incubator and saw him in first few hours of life - goslings followed whichever large moving object they saw first = imprinting happens in 12-18 hour window called critical period

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14
Q

Role of father - name the key research for role of the father?

A

Grossman

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15
Q

Role of the farther - grossman procedure?

A

Longitudinal study that followed 44 family’s from infancy to 16 years old
Assessed at 6,10,16 - looked at mother attachment v farther attachment

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16
Q

Role of farther - findings of grossman ?

A

Found that farthers play sensitivity- is a better indicator/predictor of the child’s long term attachment representations rather than how securely attached the infant was to the father
Meaning farthers play a different role to mothers

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17
Q

Learning theory - name key research on importance of food ?

A

Dollard and miller

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18
Q

Learning theory - what did dollard and millar suggest ?

A

Importance of “cupboard love” the idea that children learn to love and grow attached to whoever provides them with food, attachment conditioned via food

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19
Q

Bowlbys montropic theory - what does ascmic stand for ?

A

A - adaptive and innnate
S - social releases
C - critical period
M - monotropy
I - internal working model
C - continuity hypothesis

20
Q

Types of attachment - name of researcher who developed and first tested strange situation methodology in regards to attachment?

A

Ainsworth

21
Q

Types of attachment - Ainsworth procedure ?

A

Controlled observation - strange situation done in episodes each episode 3 minutes long
1. Infant and mother play
2. Mother leaves infant to play
3. Stanger enters talks to mother
4. Mother leaves, stranger stays
5. Mother returns, stranger leaves
6. Mother leaves
7. Stanger enters
8. Mother returns Stanger leaves
Looking at infants behaviour during different episodes

22
Q

Ainsworth strange situation - name the 3 types of attachment she defined ?

A

Type A - insecure avoident
Type B - secure attachment
Type C - insecure resistant

23
Q

Ainsworth strange situation- what percentage of infants were Type A ?

A

20-25%

24
Q

Ainsworth strange situation- what percentage of infants were Type B ?

A

60-75%

25
Q

Ainsworth strange situation- what percentage of infants were Type C ?

A

3%

26
Q

Cultural variations - name the key study for cultural variations in attachments ?

A

Van Ijzendoorn + kroonburg

27
Q

Cultural variations - procedure of van ijzendoorn and kroonburg ?

A

Meta analysis of 32 strange situation studies across 8 different continents
18 from USA
27/32 from collectivist cultures

28
Q

Cultural variations - how many of the studies in meta anyway from indivlistic cultures van ijzendoorn and kroonburg ?

A

5/32

29
Q

Cultural variations - findings of van ijzendoorn and kroonburg ?

A
  • type B most common everywhere but varied from place to place e.g 75% in uk 50% in china
  • Germany had highest numbers of insecure attachment
  • type C most common in Israel and Japan
30
Q

Cultural variations - what did van ijzendoorn and kroonburg find about differences in cultures vs differences between cultures?

A

Variations within cultures was 1.5 times Bigger then variations between cultures

31
Q

Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis - name of key study to prove this ?

A

1944 , 44 juvenille thieves study

32
Q

Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis - juvenile thieves study 1944 procedure ?

A

Looked at 44 juvenile thevies had been caught stealing and showed signs of emotional dysfunction
Thought that many of the thieves would be affectionateless psychopaths meaning they lacked remorse or empathy unusual signs of affections = allowed and enabled them to steal
Interviewed thevies and their families

33
Q

Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis - juvenile thieves study 1944 findings ?

A

14/44 diagnosed as affectionless psychopaths
12/14 had been separated or lost mother figure before age of 2
86% of the affectionless psychopaths had experienced maternal deprivation
Out of the 30 other thevies only 5 had experienced maternal deprivation

34
Q

Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis - juvenile thieves study 1944 percent of affectionless psychopaths who experienced maternal deprivation ?

A

86%

35
Q

Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis - case study that counters this ?

A

Czech twins - adopted after age of 2 recovered from severe deprivation, effects not set in stone

36
Q

Institutionalisation - name the main 2 Romanian orphan studies ?

A

Rutter et al
Zeanah et al

37
Q

Romanian orphan studies - rutter et al procedure ?

A

Followed the development of 165 Romanian orphans adopted into the uk = longitudinal study tested on their psychical cognitive and social development at regular intervals
4,6,11,15 also compared to control group of 52 British adopted children

38
Q

Romanian orphan studies - rutter et al findings ?

A

Found when tested at age 11 that IQ was different depending on weather child was adopted before 6 months or after 2 years
If adopted before 6 months mean IQ was 102
If adopted after 2 years mean IQ was 77
A,so found that theses children were also psychically underdeveloped and had disinhibition attachment

39
Q

Romanian orphan studies - zeanah et al procedure and findings ?

A

Studied attachment type of Romanian orphans - via strange situation
19% had secure attachment
65% had disorganised/disinhibted attachment type

40
Q

Influence of early attachments on future relationships? - key study

A

Hazan and shaver

41
Q

Influence of early attachments on future relationships - hazan and shaver procedure ?

A

“Love Quiz” placed their questionnaire in a newspaper - Rocky Mountain news, self report tequniqe asked participants to reply to it.
The quiz was designed to access internal working modal asked about early attachment and current relationship outlook and status

42
Q

Influence of early attachments on future relationships - how many replies did Hazans and shavers love quiz get ?

A

620 replies

43
Q

Influence of early attachments on future relationships - findings of Hazan and shaver?

A

Analysed all responses and categorised each person in an attachment type and looked for correlation between love life
1. 56% type B
2. 25% type A
3. 19% type c
Found positive correlation between attachment type and love live
Secure = had loving and lasting relationships
Avoident = jealous and feared intimacy

44
Q

Influence of early attachments on future relationships - name key supporting evidence for Hazan and shaver ?

A

Bailey et al

45
Q

Influence of early attachments on future relationships - what did Bailey et al find ?

A

Assed 99 mothers found that poor attachment in childhood correlates with children’s poor attachment = supports continuity hypothesis, attachment type we have in childhood is passed on to own children

Psychology Paper 1 - Key Evidance and Studys (4 decks)

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