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PSYCH: Exam 3 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Stage theory divides memory into…

A

long-term (LT) and short-term (ST).

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2
Q

Short term memory is referred to as…

A

“working memory.”

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3
Q

The duration of LT memory is…

A

relatively permanent.

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4
Q

The duration of ST memory is…

A

seconds to minutes.

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5
Q

The storage capacity of LT memory is…

A

infinite?

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6
Q

The storage capacity of ST memory is…

A

7+/-2 “chunks” (organized packets of information).

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7
Q

Flow of information in memory?

A

Stimulus-STM-Rehearsal-LTM

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8
Q

The two kinds of rehearsal are…

A

maintenance and elaborative.

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9
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

holds information in STM

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10
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

moves information to LTM

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11
Q

primacy effect

A

in free recall, the tendency to recall the first items on the list more readily than those in the middle

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12
Q

Due to the primacy effect, information is recalled from…

A

LTM.

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13
Q

recency effect

A

in free recall, the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle

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14
Q

Due to the recency effect, information is recalled from…

A

STM.

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15
Q

To reduce the primacy effect, you could…

A

present words faster.

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16
Q

To reduce recency effect, you could…

A

delay 20th word and recall.

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17
Q

The psychological code of STM is…

A

phonological (based on speech sounds).

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18
Q

The psychological code of LTM is…

A

semantic (based on meaning).

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19
Q

The neural code of STM is…

A

dynamic.

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20
Q

dynamic

A

pattern of activity among a group of cells

21
Q

The neural code of LTM is…

A

structural.

22
Q

structural

A

pattern of connections within a group of cells

23
Q

Trace consolidation occurs during…

A

elaborative rehearsal.

24
Q

trace consolidation

A

memory trace changes from a dynamic to structural pattern

25
Q

amnesia

A

interruption of consolidation process

26
Q

Retrograde amnesia affects memory…

A

BEFORE trauma.

27
Q

Anterograde amnesia affects memory…

A

AFTER trauma.

28
Q

STM forgetting is caused by…

A

displacement and/or decay.

29
Q

LTM forgetting is caused by…

A

misplacement and/or retrieval failure.

30
Q

proactive interference

A

old information affects new

31
Q

retroactive interference

A

new information affects old

32
Q

STM or “working memory” is not just a storage box, but a…

A

cognitive workbench.

33
Q

STM limit on storage capacity is viewed instead as…

A

limit on processing capacity.

34
Q

STM or “working memory” is used in…

A

all processing of information (mental calculation, reading, etc)

35
Q

Deeper (more meaningful) processing leads to…

A

better memory.

36
Q

Depth of processing is connected to…

A

notion of elaborative rehearsal.

37
Q

episodic memory

A

events with time and place

38
Q

generic/semantic

A

facts, concepts, meanings

39
Q

explicit memory

A

reference to prior learning experience

40
Q

implicit memory

A

no conscious awareness of remembering

41
Q

declarative memory

A

knowing that (mainly explicit); statements using episodic and generic information

42
Q

procedural memory

A

knowing how (mainly implicit); skills (riding a bike)

43
Q

retrieval

A

process of searching for a memory and finding it

44
Q

retrieval cue

A

current stimulus that aids retrieval

45
Q

Any memory for an item has…

A

the item’s context associated with it.

46
Q

Context (clues) at retrieval should…

A

like context at encoding.

47
Q

Retrieval of generic/semantic memory occurs by…

A

search through network of concepts.

48
Q

Generic/semantic memory is organized according…

A

to semantic relatedness (closeness of meaning).

49
Q

In generic/semantic memory, the activation of one concept spreads to…

A

other related concepts.

PSYCH: Exam 3 (3 decks)

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