Memory Flashcards
Stage theory divides memory into…
long-term (LT) and short-term (ST).
Short term memory is referred to as…
“working memory.”
The duration of LT memory is…
relatively permanent.
The duration of ST memory is…
seconds to minutes.
The storage capacity of LT memory is…
infinite?
The storage capacity of ST memory is…
7+/-2 “chunks” (organized packets of information).
Flow of information in memory?
Stimulus-STM-Rehearsal-LTM
The two kinds of rehearsal are…
maintenance and elaborative.
maintenance rehearsal
holds information in STM
elaborative rehearsal
moves information to LTM
primacy effect
in free recall, the tendency to recall the first items on the list more readily than those in the middle
Due to the primacy effect, information is recalled from…
LTM.
recency effect
in free recall, the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle
Due to the recency effect, information is recalled from…
STM.
To reduce the primacy effect, you could…
present words faster.
To reduce recency effect, you could…
delay 20th word and recall.
The psychological code of STM is…
phonological (based on speech sounds).
The psychological code of LTM is…
semantic (based on meaning).
The neural code of STM is…
dynamic.
dynamic
pattern of activity among a group of cells
The neural code of LTM is…
structural.
structural
pattern of connections within a group of cells
Trace consolidation occurs during…
elaborative rehearsal.
trace consolidation
memory trace changes from a dynamic to structural pattern
amnesia
interruption of consolidation process
Retrograde amnesia affects memory…
BEFORE trauma.
Anterograde amnesia affects memory…
AFTER trauma.
STM forgetting is caused by…
displacement and/or decay.
LTM forgetting is caused by…
misplacement and/or retrieval failure.
proactive interference
old information affects new
retroactive interference
new information affects old
STM or “working memory” is not just a storage box, but a…
cognitive workbench.
STM limit on storage capacity is viewed instead as…
limit on processing capacity.
STM or “working memory” is used in…
all processing of information (mental calculation, reading, etc)
Deeper (more meaningful) processing leads to…
better memory.
Depth of processing is connected to…
notion of elaborative rehearsal.
episodic memory
events with time and place
generic/semantic
facts, concepts, meanings
explicit memory
reference to prior learning experience
implicit memory
no conscious awareness of remembering
declarative memory
knowing that (mainly explicit); statements using episodic and generic information
procedural memory
knowing how (mainly implicit); skills (riding a bike)
retrieval
process of searching for a memory and finding it
retrieval cue
current stimulus that aids retrieval
Any memory for an item has…
the item’s context associated with it.
Context (clues) at retrieval should…
like context at encoding.
Retrieval of generic/semantic memory occurs by…
search through network of concepts.
Generic/semantic memory is organized according…
to semantic relatedness (closeness of meaning).
In generic/semantic memory, the activation of one concept spreads to…
other related concepts.
