Memory Flashcards
What is one strength of coding research?
Demonstrated separate STM and LTM- supporting multi-store model
What is one limitation of coding research?
Artificial stimuli- STM may use semantic coding, so limited real-world application
What is one strength of capacity research?
Valid study- Jacobs’ study was old but confirmed (eg. Bopp and Verhaegan)
What is one limitation of capacity research?
Miller overestimated STM capacity- 4 plus or minus 1 chunks may be the average (Cowan)
What is one strength of duration research?
Bahrick et al’s study high external validity- tested everyday meaningful memories
What is one limitation of duration research?
Peterson and Peterson used meaningless stimuli (consonant syllables), low external validity
What is one strength of the multi-store model?
Research support- research shows STM and LTM use different coding and have different capacity
What is the counterpoint to research support for the multi-store model?
Studies do not use everyday materials (eg. consonant syllables) so low validity
What are two limitations of the multi-store model?
- More than one type of STM in amnesiac KF (Shallice and Warrington)
- Elaborative rehearsal needed for LTM transfer, involves making meaningful links (Craik and Watkins)
What are two strength of long-term memory?
- Clinical evidence- in HM and Clive Wearing only episodic memory damaged
- Real-world application- targeting episodic memory can improve it (Belleville et al)
What is the counterpoint to clinical evidence for long-term memory?
Clinical studies lack control (eg. don’t know memory before injury)
What is one limitation of long-term memory?
Conflicting neuroimaging evidence- research links semantic to left prefrontal cortex and episodic to right (Buckner and Petersen), others reverse this (Tulving et al)
What are two strengths of the working memory model?
- Clinical evidence- KF had damaged PL but VSS was fine (Shallice and Warrington)
- Dual task- poor performance on two simultaneous visual tasks, shows existence of VSS
What is the counterpoint to clinical evidence for the working memory model?
KF may have had other impairments that affected performance on memory tasks
What is one limitation of the working memory model?
Nature of CE lacks clarity- vague and may have several components
What are two strengths of interference?
- Real-world interference- rugby players recalling teams they played against (Baddeley and Hitch)
- Drug studies- taking diazepam after learning reduces interference and forgetting= retrograde facilitation (Coenen and van Luijtelaar)
What is the counterpoint to real-world interference for interference?
Everyday interference is unusual, conditions rare (eg. similarity)
What is one limitation of interference?
Cues remove interference effects- words forgotten through interference become accessible (Tulving and Psotka)
What are two strengths of retrieval failure?
- Real-world application- context cues can be useful (eg. trigger recall by returning to place of initial experience)
- Supporting evidence- many studies support theory (Godden and Baddeley, Carter and Cassaday)
What is the counterpoint to supporting evidence for retrieval failure?
Everyday contexts of learning/recall not actually that different
What is one limitation of retrieval failure?
Recall vs recognition- no context effects when using recognition test (Godden and Baddeley)
What is one strength of misleading information?
Real-world application- insights applied to police interviews, expert witnesses
What is the counterpoint to real-world application for misleading information?
Film clips/lack of consequence create less stress than real event, EWT may actually be more reliable
What are two limitations of misleading information?
- Evidence against substitution- central details relatively unaffected by misleading information (Sutherland and Hayne)
- Evidence challenging memory conformity- witnesses told hair colour and blended different versions, supporting contamination (Skagerberg and Wright)
What is one limitation of anxiety affecting EWT?
Unusualness not anxiety causes weapon focus eg. chicken and handgun in hand (Pickel)
What are two strengths of anxiety affecting EWT?
- Support for negative effects- higher anxiety in London Dungeon, poorer recall (Valentine and Mesout)
- Support for positive effects- anxious witnesses to bank robbery were most accurate (Christianson and Hubinette)
What is the counterpoint of support for positive effects for anxiety affecting EWT?
Interviews were 4-15 months after event, confounding variables not controlled
What is one strength of the cognitive interview?
Support for effectiveness- recall 41% more correct information than standard interview (Kohnken et al)
What is the counterpoint of support for effectiveness for the cognitive interview?
CI increases inaccurate recall (Kohnken et al), even more true for ECI
What are two limitations of the cognitive interview?
- Some elements more useful- eg. report everything, undermines credibility of CI (Milne and Bull)
- Time-consuming- full version unrealistic for police, better to focus some key elements
