Memory Flashcards
Acronym
a pronounceable word formed from the first letters of a group of words
Acrostic
a sentence, phrase or other composition using the first letters of the information to be remembered
Alzheimer’s disease
a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, progressively causing memory decline, deterioration of cognitive and social skills, and personality changes
amygdala
a small structure in the** medial temporal lobe**, deep within the brain and part of the limbic system; involved in emotional reactions (particularly fear and anger) and formation of a wide variety of emotional memories
aphantasia
phenomenon in which individuals **lack the capacity to generate mental imagery. **
atkinson-shiffrin multi store model
a representation and explanation of memory as consisting of three separate stores called sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory, differing in function, capacity and duration
autobiographical event
experiences that have occurred at some time in our own lives (personally lived experiences)
basal ganglia
a group of structures (neuron cell bodies called nuclei) deep within the brain, involved in the generation of voluntary movements and** long-term implicit memories involving motor skills**
cerebellum
structure at the base of the brain with multiple roles, including coordination of fine muscle movements, regulation of posture and balance, and various perceptual and cognitive processes; in relation to memory, involved in formation of long-term motor skill memories and stores implicit memories of simple conditioned reflexes
classically conditioned memory
implicit memory of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus acquired through classical conditioning, e.g. simple conditioned reflex responses
consolidation
the neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring following a learning experience
dementia
general term for symptoms like decline in memory, reasoning or other thinking skills
echoic memory
auditory sensory memory for incoming auditory information that stores sounds in their original sensory form for about 3 or 4 seconds
encoding
conversion of information into a usable form **so that it can be neurologically represented and stored in memory
episodic memory
the long-term explicit memory of personally experienced events associated with a particular time and place
explicit memory
“knowing that…”
long-term memory that **can be consciously retrieved and stated (memory with awareness) **. Includes both semantic and episodic LTM
habituation
Link to Basal Ganglia in LTM
the process of growing accustomed to a stimulus and decreasing responsiveness to it; also called habituation learning
Link to Basal Ganglia in LTM
hippocampus
a structure in the medial temporal lobe, deep within the brain and part of the limbic system; crucial role in the formation, **encoding and consolidation of new long-term explicit memories and their transfer to the neocortex for storage (and in RETRIEVAL of these memories later)**
iconic memory
visual sensory memory for incoming visual information that stores visual images in their original sensory form for about a third of a second
imagined future
imagining what might occur in the future (based on past experience or existing knowledge)
implicit memory
“how to”
long-term memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval (memory without awareness)
long-term memory (LTM)
a memory store that holds a potentially unlimited amount of information for a very long time, possibly permanently
memory
processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning; often described as neurological representation of learning
memory reconstruction
the process in which we recall our memory of an event or a story
method of loci
a mnemonic device for which the** items to be remembered are converted into mental images and associated with specific locations**; also called memory palace or mind palace
mnemonic
any technique* used to assist memory;* see acronym, acrostic, method of loci, songlines
neocortex
the largest and most recently evolved part of the brain’s cerebral cortex (top layer)
oral culture
the cultural knowledge and information that has been passed down through speech from one generation to the next
post-mortem
a type of neurobiological research involving autopsy, which provides information to researchers and individuals
procedural memory
the long-term implicit memory of skills that have been learned previously
retrieval
in relation to memory, recovery of stored information and bringing it into conscious awareness for use
semantic memory
long-term explicit memory of facts and knowledge about the world
sensory memory
the entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored in its original, raw state for a very brief time
short-term memory (STM)
a memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short time, unless renewed in some way; also maintains information in conscious awareness and functions as working memory
songline
a navigational route comprising a sequence of locations used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples which may also serve as mnemonic; also called dreaming track
storage
retention of encoded information over time
storage capacity
the amount of information that can be retained at any given moment
storage duration
the length of time that information that can be retained
sung narrative
knowledge and information such as stories told using song
working memory
the part of short-term memory which is concerned with** immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing**
written culture
the cultural knowledge and information that has been passed down through writing from one generation to the next
decay
Occurs when information is not renewed. Information fades away/ out of STM with time (+30 secs)
displacement
Occurs when information is pushed-out by new information in STM- linked to capacity of STM (5-9 items)
maintenance rehearsal
Repetition of information over and over again so it can be kept in STM for longer than usual (extends duration)
elaborative rehearsal
The process of** linking new information in a meaningful way, with
information already stored in memory or with other new
information.** This aids in the storage and retrieval from LTM.
amyloid plaques
proteins forming on axon terminals which block transmission of neurons (as they are on and between the neurons)
neurofibrillary tangles
tangled proteins within neurons- Kills the neuron from the inside by blocking neurotransmission
