Memory

Question 1

Acronym

Answer 1

a pronounceable word formed from the first letters of a group of words

Question 2

Acrostic

Answer 2

a sentence, phrase or other composition using the first letters of the information to be remembered

Question 3

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 3

a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, progressively causing memory decline, deterioration of cognitive and social skills, and personality changes

Question 4

amygdala

Answer 4

a small structure in the** medial temporal lobe**, deep within the brain and part of the limbic system; involved in emotional reactions (particularly fear and anger) and formation of a wide variety of emotional memories

Question 5

aphantasia

Answer 5

phenomenon in which individuals **lack the capacity to generate mental imagery. **

Question 6

atkinson-shiffrin multi store model

Answer 6

a representation and explanation of memory as consisting of three separate stores called sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory, differing in function, capacity and duration

Question 7

autobiographical event

Answer 7

experiences that have occurred at some time in our own lives (personally lived experiences)

Question 8

basal ganglia

Answer 8

a group of structures (neuron cell bodies called nuclei) deep within the brain, involved in the generation of voluntary movements and** long-term implicit memories involving motor skills**

Question 9

cerebellum

Answer 9

structure at the base of the brain with multiple roles, including coordination of fine muscle movements, regulation of posture and balance, and various perceptual and cognitive processes; in relation to memory, involved in formation of long-term motor skill memories and stores implicit memories of simple conditioned reflexes

Question 10

classically conditioned memory

Answer 10

implicit memory of a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus acquired through classical conditioning, e.g. simple conditioned reflex responses

Question 11

consolidation

Answer 11

the neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring following a learning experience

Question 12

dementia

Answer 12

general term for symptoms like decline in memory, reasoning or other thinking skills

Question 13

echoic memory

Answer 13

auditory sensory memory for incoming auditory information that stores sounds in their original sensory form for about 3 or 4 seconds

Question 14

encoding

Answer 14

conversion of information into a usable form **so that it can be neurologically represented and stored in memory

Question 15

episodic memory

Answer 15

the long-term explicit memory of personally experienced events associated with a particular time and place

Question 16

explicit memory

“knowing that…”

Answer 16

long-term memory that **can be consciously retrieved and stated (memory with awareness) **. Includes both semantic and episodic LTM

Question 17

habituation

Link to Basal Ganglia in LTM

Answer 17

the process of growing accustomed to a stimulus and decreasing responsiveness to it; also called habituation learning

Link to Basal Ganglia in LTM

Question 18

hippocampus

Answer 18

a structure in the medial temporal lobe, deep within the brain and part of the limbic system; crucial role in the formation, **encoding and consolidation of new long-term explicit memories and their transfer to the neocortex for storage (and in RETRIEVAL of these memories later)**

Question 19

iconic memory

Answer 19

visual sensory memory for incoming visual information that stores visual images in their original sensory form for about a third of a second

Question 20

imagined future

Answer 20

imagining what might occur in the future (based on past experience or existing knowledge)

Question 21

implicit memory

“how to”

Answer 21

long-term memory that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval (memory without awareness)

Question 22

long-term memory (LTM)

Answer 22

a memory store that holds a potentially unlimited amount of information for a very long time, possibly permanently

Question 23

memory

Answer 23

processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning; often described as neurological representation of learning

Question 24

memory reconstruction

Answer 24

the process in which we recall our memory of an event or a story

Question 25

method of loci

Answer 25

a mnemonic device for which the** items to be remembered are converted into mental images and associated with specific locations**; also called memory palace or mind palace

Question 26

mnemonic

Answer 26

any technique* used to assist memory;* see acronym, acrostic, method of loci, songlines

Question 27

neocortex

Answer 27

the largest and most recently evolved part of the brain’s cerebral cortex (top layer)

Question 28

oral culture

Answer 28

the cultural knowledge and information that has been passed down through speech from one generation to the next

Question 29

post-mortem

Answer 29

a type of neurobiological research involving autopsy, which provides information to researchers and individuals

Question 30

procedural memory

Answer 30

the long-term implicit memory of skills that have been learned previously

Question 31

retrieval

Answer 31

in relation to memory, recovery of stored information and bringing it into conscious awareness for use

Question 32

semantic memory

Answer 32

long-term explicit memory of facts and knowledge about the world

Question 33

sensory memory

Answer 33

the entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored in its original, raw state for a very brief time

Question 34

short-term memory (STM)

Answer 34

a memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is stored for a relatively short time, unless renewed in some way; also maintains information in conscious awareness and functions as working memory

Question 35

songline

Answer 35

a navigational route comprising a sequence of locations used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples which may also serve as mnemonic; also called dreaming track

Question 36

storage

Answer 36

retention of encoded information over time

Question 37

storage capacity

Answer 37

the amount of information that can be retained at any given moment

Question 38

storage duration

Answer 38

the length of time that information that can be retained

Question 39

sung narrative

Answer 39

knowledge and information such as stories told using song

Question 40

working memory

Answer 40

the part of short-term memory which is concerned with** immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing**

Question 41

written culture

Answer 41

the cultural knowledge and information that has been passed down through writing from one generation to the next

Question 42

decay

Answer 42

Occurs when information is not renewed. Information fades away/ out of STM with time (+30 secs)

Question 43

displacement

Answer 43

Occurs when information is pushed-out by new information in STM- linked to capacity of STM (5-9 items)

Question 44

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 44

Repetition of information over and over again so it can be kept in STM for longer than usual (extends duration)

Question 45

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 45

The process of** linking new information in a meaningful way, with
information already stored in memory or with other new
information.** This aids in the storage and retrieval from LTM.

Question 46

amyloid plaques

Answer 46

proteins forming on axon terminals which block transmission of neurons (as they are on and between the neurons)

Question 47

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 47

tangled proteins within neurons- Kills the neuron from the inside by blocking neurotransmission