07. Learning

Question 1

ARRMR

Answer 1

Attention, Retention, reproduction, motivation and reinforcement (stages/elements of Observational learning)

Question 2

Role of the learner- Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

Passive

Question 3

Role of the learner- Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

Active

Question 4

Nature of the response- CC

Answer 4

Involuntary/reflexive

Question 5

Nature of the response-OCC

Answer 5

Voluntary

Question 6

Three-Phase Model- CC

Answer 6

Before, During and After

Question 7

Three-Phase Model- OC

Answer 7

Antecedent/Discriminative stimulus, Behaviour, Consequence

Question 8

ELEMENTS of Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

Neutral stimulus, Unconditioned stimulus, Unconditioned response, Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response

Question 9

Antecedent (Discriminative Stimulus)

Answer 9

a stimulus that prompts/precedes a voluntary behaviour

Question 10

Attention

Answer 10

the first stage of observational learning. Learners must actively focus on the model in order to learn

Question 11

Behaviour

Answer 11

a voluntary action in response to an antecedent

Question 12

Classical conditioning

Answer 12

a model of learning in which organisms learn through the involuntary association of two or more stimuli

Question 13

Conditioned emotional responses

Answer 13

an emotional response to a stimulus that doesn?t naturally produce that response, learned through the process of classical conditioning

Question 14

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 14

a response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 15

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 15

a stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Consequence

Answer 16

an event following an action that makes it either more or less likely to occur again

Question 17

Model

Answer 17

the individual who is performing the behaviour that is being watched/ observed

Question 18

Motivation

Answer 18

the fourth stage of observational learning. The learner must want to reproduce the behaviour in order for learning to occur

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

when a stimulus is removed in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again

Question 20

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 20

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Question 21

Observational learning

Answer 21

(also known as social learning, vicarious conditioning, or modelling) a type of learning that occurs through watching the actions of a model and the consequences that their actions receive

Question 22

Operant conditioning

Answer 22

learning through the association of a behaviour and the consequence it receives

Question 23

Positive punishment

Answer 23

when a stimulus is added in order to discourage a behaviour from occurring again

Question 24

Positive reinforcement

Answer 24

when a stimulus is added in order to encourage a behaviour to occur again

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

(also known as positive punishment) a type of consequence that makes the behaviour less likely to occur again

Question 26

Reinforcement

Answer 26

a type of consequence that makes the behaviour more likely to occur again

Question 27

Retention

Answer 27

Retention is the second step in the process of observational learning involving memory storage of the observed behaviour so that the behaviour may be reproduced when needed.

Question 28

Reproduction

Answer 28

the third stage of observational learning. The learner must have the physical and mental capabilities to reproduce the observed behaviour

Question 29

Response cost/ negative punishment

Answer 29

when a stimulus is removed in order to discourage a behaviour occurring again

Question 30

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 30

a natural (unlearned) behaviour to a given stimulus

Question 31

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 31

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Question 32

Voluntary response

Answer 32

an action coordinated by the body that is performed with conscious control and intention

Question 33

Aboriginal Systems of Knowledge

Answer 33

knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical, and spiritual understandings, and in turn, inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity.

Question 34

Country

Answer 34

place, law, spirituality, language, cultural practice, material sustenance, family and identity (much more than just the physical landscape)

Question 35

"Patterned on Country"

Answer 35

knowledge is developed and **embedded** through **kinship relationships** and that knowledge is **encoded into** the **landscape**.

Question 36

8 Ways of Aboriginal Learning

Answer 36

story sharing, learning maps, non-verbal, symbols/images, non-linear, land links, community links, deconstruct/reconstruct

Question 37

Songlines

Answer 37

ATSI knowledge and histories that are attached/connected to numerous physical locations along navigational tracks

Question 38

Country is 'sentient'

Answer 38

means that Country is 'alive, conscious and interconnected with all beings'. Not just land, but a living entity with memory, knowledge, and spirit.

Question 39

Kinship (ATSI ways of knowing/learning)

Answer 39

refers to the complex system of social relationships that define connections between individuals, families, and communities. It extends beyond biological family ties to include cultural, spiritual, and community-based responsibilities, shaping identity, social roles, and obligations within the group.