Memory

Question 1

LTP is seen at what type of synapse?

Answer 1

Glutamatergic synapses.

Question 2

How is memory stored?

Answer 2

Through a network of neurons and through a change in the synaptic function.

Question 3

How many phases are there in LTP?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

Which 3 things will happen for LTM (Late phase)?

Answer 4

Gene transcription
Protein synthesis
Morphological changes

Question 5

What does neurotrophin do?

Answer 5

Regulates neuron survival and differentiation as well as the structure and function of neural circuits.

• activity dependent
• receptors coexpressed with glutamate receptors
• from glutamatergic neurons
• highest expression levels in hippocampus

Question 6

BDNF (in the case of Huntington’s in mice) can….?

Answer 6

Save the neurons by acting as a supplement for neuronal survival.

Question 7

How does BDNF affect the production of protein?

Answer 7

It increases protein production by reducing miRNA levels and the increase in protein production is involved in learning and memory.

Question 8

How does miRNA effect protein synthesis?

Answer 8

It promotes mRNA degradation and translational inhibition.

Question 9

How does exercise effect learning and memory?

Answer 9

It increases the level of BDNF produced, so increased neurogenesis and LTP and thus increased learning and memory.

Question 10

In alzheimer’s disease, what are formed from an abnormal protein deposit called amyloid?

Answer 10

Senile Plaques

Question 11

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

Answer 11

Collection of intraneuronal cytoskeletal filaments

Question 12

In transgenic mice, what does BDNF do?

Answer 12

Improves performance in water maze and increases synaptophysin expression in hippocampus.

Question 13

When is c-fos expressed?

Answer 13

In active neurons during memory formation.

Question 14

What happens when the channelrhodopsin is stimulated with blue light?

Answer 14

The channel opens and there is Na+ influx.

Question 15

What are the 3 sub headings of non-declarative memory?

Answer 15

Procedural (striatum), Motor (cerebellum) and Emotional (amygdala)

Question 16

Where is declarative memory stored?

Answer 16

In the medial temporal lobe of the diencephalon

Question 17

Where are memories stored?

Answer 17

In the ENGRAM: Physical embodiment of neuronal machinery -> Consolidation (change in synaptic connections)

Question 18

In the delayed matching/non matching paradigms, what is important?

Answer 18

The perihinal region.

Question 19

LTM is stored where?

Answer 19

Distributed throughout cortex.

Question 20

Non-declarative memory is stored HOW?

Answer 20

Via conditional learning.

Question 21

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 21

altering probability of response with reward/punishment.

Question 22

What type of memory has a large capacity but only lasts for a few seconds?

Answer 22

Immediate memory.

Question 23

Define retrograde amnesia.

Answer 23

Cannot remember anything prior the trauma occurring.

Question 24

Define anterograde amnesia.

Answer 24

Cannot form new memories post-trauma.

Question 25

What does the perirhinal cortex do?

Answer 25

It’s involved in both visual perception and memory and it facilitates the recognition and identification of environmental stimuli.

Question 26

In the delayed matching and non-matching task, which part of the brain is important?

Answer 26

Perirhinal cortex.

Question 27

Where is short term memory stored?

Answer 27

Hippocampus (Declarative)

Not known for non-declarative.