Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 ways to consolidate a memory?

A
  • Conscious rehearsal
  • Unconscious rehearsal
  • Practice
  • Sleep (time)
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2
Q

Name two neuro-chemical learning processes. Explain them.

A
  • Habituation: learning to ignore a noxious stimulus
  • Sensitization: recovering/heightening responses for a harmful but habituated stimulus by pairing with a second noxious stimulus
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3
Q

Long term habituation is associated with a(n) ____ of synaptic density.
Long term sensitization is associated with a(n) ____ of synaptic density.

A

Long term habituation is associated with a(n) loss of synaptic density.
Long term sensitization is associated with a(n) increase of synaptic density.

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4
Q

What is Hebb’s postulate?

A

Neurons that fire together, wire together.

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5
Q

What is the difference between ontogenetic memory and phylogenetic memory?

A

Ontogenetic memory is the evolution of the organization of memory within an organism throughout its life.
Phylogenetic memory is the evolution of the organization of memory within a species across generations.

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6
Q

What are the two general types of memory for its qualitative classification?

A

Explicit (declarative) and implicit (nondeclarative).

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7
Q

What are the two forms of explicit memory? What are they respectively concerning?

A
  • Episodic -> events

- Semantic -> facts

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8
Q

What are the three forms of implicit memory? Which one is resistant to aging and even to dementia?

A
  • Priming -> resistant to aging and dementia
  • Associative learning
  • Procedural
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9
Q

What is a synonym to immediate memory?

A

Sensory memory.

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10
Q

What are the three forms of memory in the temporal classification of memory?

A
  • Immediate
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
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11
Q

What is working memory? Are there limits to working memory?

A

Component of short-term memory that is processing all the information necessary to achieve a goal. Temporal and capacity limitations.

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12
Q

True or false: long-term memory is virtually limitless.

A

True.

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13
Q

What does allow memory consolidation?

A

To move memories from short-term to long-term by the progressive stabilization of theinitial memory “trace”.

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14
Q

What is an engram?

A

First interneuronal “talking” provoked by new information (first stage of consolidation) = first embodiment of memory = memory “trace”.

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15
Q

What are two biological processes that require the cellular stabilization of engrams?

A
  • Protein synthesis

- Synaptic plasticity

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16
Q

How does synchronization of cortical activity during sleep improves memory consolidation?

A

Reduces the neuronal “noise”, consequently allowing the engrams to consolidate without the disturbance of new incoming information.

17
Q

Provide three ways to enhance information encoding.

A
  • Associating
  • Give meaningful context to meaningless items
  • Motivation
18
Q

What are the two types of conditioning? Name two differences between them.

A

Classical conditioning (defined by Pavlov)

  • Associative (pairing trigger with unrelated stimulus)
  • Passive

Operant conditioning (defined by Thorndike and Skinner)

  • Rewarding (increasing behavioral response by rewarding)
  • Active
19
Q

True or false: forgetting is also beneficial.

A

True, room for new things is partly dependent on forgetting other things.

20
Q

What are the two kind of amnesias?

A
  • Retrograde

- Anterograde

21
Q

Concerning memory, what are the diencephalic and medial temporal lobe important for?

A

Encoding (formation of memory trace) and consolidation of declarative memories.

22
Q

Except diencephalic and medial temporal lobe structures, another structure plays a role in encoding and consolidation, what is it?

A

Hippocampus.

23
Q

Why can we say that the hippocampus is probably more important for the consolidation of emotional memories?

A

Because it is associated to the limbic system.

24
Q

What structure is important for retrieving information?

A

Posterior hippocampus.

25
Q

Explain why we could consider the hippocampus as a cognitive map.

A

Contains the place cells (fire for a particular space).

26
Q

True or false: place cells and grid cells are found in the same structure.

A

False.

27
Q

Where are found grid cells?

A

In the entorhinal cortex.

28
Q

True or false: grid cells are enough for spatial orientation (in the absence of place cells).

A

False: both types of cell are necessary for spatial orientation.

29
Q

What important structural lesson did the case of patient HM teach us?

A

Non-declarative memory and declarative memory are stored and processed seperately.

30
Q

True or false: medial temporal structures are independent from procedural memory and long-term memory.

A

True: only concern encoding and consolidation.

31
Q

What are the two structures required for procedural learning? Why does it make sense?

A

Cerebellum and basal ganglia. Makes sense because procedural learning depends on motor systems.

32
Q

What is the major structure involved in long-term memory?

A

Cerebral cortex.

33
Q

True or false: associative cortices are particularly important for long-term memory.

A

True.

34
Q

What is particular about the localization of semantic memory in the cerebral cortex?

A

Semantic memory is stored in the areas of the cortex that were first activated when encoding the information for the first time. Therefore, each property of an object is stored in the area of the cortex in which it was first processed: semantic memory is decentralized