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NSCI 201 > Cortical states > Flashcards

Cortical states Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most important external cues for the circadian cycle?

A

Levels of light and darkness.

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2
Q

What will happen to the duration of the circadian cycle if shifted by abnormal external cues?

A

Nothing, 24 hrs length persists.

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3
Q

Is our internal biological clock following the circadian cycle stopping in the absence of external cues?

A

No, operates even in the absence of external information.

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4
Q

What is our internal clock synchronized with the circadian cycle principally regulated by? How so?

A

Environmental illumination makes the photo-sensitive ganglion cells of the retina signal to the hypothalamus.

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5
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus found?

A

In the hypothalamus.

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6
Q

Describe the pathway that leads to melatonin secretion.

A

Photosensitive ganglion cells (expressing melanopsin) fire when in the dark → fire to suprachiasmatic nucleus “master clock” via the retinohypothalamic tract →paraventricular nucleus →spinal cord intermediolateral cells →superior cervical ganglion →melatonin synthesized in pineal gland.

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7
Q

When is melatonin most secreted during the circadian cycle?

A

During the deepest phase of sleep.

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8
Q

Circadian effects can affect learning and mood in two ways. What are they? Hint: one direct and one indirect.

A

Direct: shift of circadian ryhthm (e.g. less light in winter) might enhance the risks of depression and disturb sleep schedule
Indirect: light also signals to PHB nucleus →projecting to limbic system to modulate mood-related areas in the cortex

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9
Q

True or false: sleep dept affects mood and can even produce hallucinations, but can’t impair judgement.

A

False: also impairs judgement.

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10
Q

Name three functions of sleep in humans.

A
  • Energy conservation
  • Memory consolidation
  • Clearance of brain metabolic waste with CSF
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11
Q

What are the three non-REM stages according to the AASM terminology? Provide the principal characteristic of each stage.

A

N1: drowsiness
N2: sleep spindles
N3: delta waves (deepest phase of sleep)

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12
Q

True or false: REM sleep stage is the deepest sleep stage of the night.

A

False: N3 is the deepest sleep phase.

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13
Q

True or false: duration of sleep stage N3 stays the same during the night while REM periods get longer.

A

False: N3 gets shorter during the night and REM periods get longer.

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14
Q

Rapid ballistic eye movements are a characteristic of which sleep stage?

A

REM

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15
Q

Name three differences between REM and non-REM dreams.

A

REM:

  • REM dreams do not immediatly connect with everyday life of dreamer
  • Longer
  • Primarily visual

Non-REM:

  • Non-REM dreams usually relate more to current life of dreamer
  • Shorter
  • Less visual
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16
Q

What happens to the general duration of a night of sleep as we get older? What happens to the proportion of REM sleep?

A
  • Less and less overall sleep

- Less and less REM sleep (but proportion of REM sleep stabilizes at early adulthood)

17
Q

Neural circuits underlying sleep involve three principal structures, what are they?

A

Brainstem, thalamus and cortex

18
Q

Name and define the three neural circuits activated during REM sleep.

A
  • REM saccades regulated in the brainstem
  • PGO (pontine-geniculate-occipital) waves go with REM saccades: phasic bursts of action potentials occuring throughout the forebrain
  • Hyperpolarization of spinal cord motor neurons via pontine inhibitory area
19
Q

Acetylcholine induces _____. Serotoninergic neurons induce _____.

Place the followings:

  • non-REM sleep
  • REM sleep
A

Acetylcholine induces REM sleep. Serotoninergic neurons induce non-REM sleep.

20
Q

What are the cerebral structures in which there is an increase of activity during REM sleep? Structures in which there is a decrease of activity?

A
  • Increased activity in:
    • Amygdala
    • Para hippocampus
    • Pontine tegmentum
    • Anterior cingulate cortex (lymbic system)
  • Decreased activity in:
    • Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
    • Posterior cingulate cortex
21
Q

Where is the reticular activation system located? What are its three type of nuclei?

A

In the brainstem.

Cholinergic nuclei, Locus coeruleus and Raphe nuclei.

22
Q

True of false: the three nuclei of the reticular activation system have the ability to induce wakefulness.

A

True.

23
Q

Where are found the noradrenergic neurons? The serotoninergic neurons? The histaminic neurons?

A

Locus coeruleus of brainstem.
Raphe nulcei of brainstem.
Tuberomammillary nucleus of hypothalamus.

24
Q

How does histamine increase wakefulness?

A

Excites histaminic neurons of tuberomamillary nucleus of thalamus ->activates either (or both) noradrenergic neurons of Locus coeruleus or serotoninergic neurons of Raphe nuclei -> more inhibition on thalamocortical cell (in thalamocortical feedback loop) -> less excitation on cortical pyramidal cell (in thalamocortical feedback loop) ->less excitation on reticular cell (in thalamocortical feedback loop) ->less inhibition on thalamocortical cell (in thalamocortical feedback loop) -> sensory information will reach the cortex ->provoking wakefulness.

25
Q

How are the nuclei of the reticular activation system inhibited?

A

VLPO nucleus of hypothalamus → INDUCE STATE OF SLEEP → inhibit reticulary activation system = closes hypothalamus gate.

26
Q

How does arise the intrinsic bursting state in the cortex during sleep?

A

Thalamus does not transmit sensory information during sleep (nuclei of reticular activation system in the brainstem are inhibited by VPLO) → synchronization of neuronal activity (can be measured by EEG) = intrinsic bursting state.

27
Q

What are the three components to the global workspace model of consciousness?

A
  • Conscious activation network
  • Preconscious activation network
  • Subliminal activation network
28
Q

True or false: we are aware of most of our neural processes.

A

False.

29
Q

Consciousness is closer to awareness or to wakefulness?

A

Awareness.

30
Q

Concerning the cortex, how are semi-conscious comatose and vegetative states differentiating?

A

In a vegetative state, there can’t be any cortex activation.

In a semi-conscious comatose state, there can be activation of cortex, but no motor command can signal that.

31
Q

How are the default mode network and the central executive network correlating?

A

They are anticorrelated: when one is activated the other is deactivated.

NSCI 201 (14 decks)

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